Editing Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (section)

=== Neurological ===
Chronic headaches are common in patients with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, whether related to [[dysautonomia]],<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gazit Y, Nahir AM, Grahame R, Jacob G | title = Dysautonomia in the joint hypermobility syndrome | journal = The American Journal of Medicine | volume = 115 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–40 | date = July 2003 | pmid = 12867232 | doi = 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00235-3 }}</ref> [[temporomandibular joint dysfunction]] (TMD), muscle tension, or [[craniocervical instability]]. Ligaments in the neck are unable to heal properly, so the neck structure cannot support the skull, which can then sink into the brain stem, blocking the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, which in turn causes autonomic dysfunction.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015 |title=Indices of Cranio-vertebral Instability |url=http://www.csfinfo.org/research/csf-funded-research/csf-ehlers-danlos-syndrome-colloquium/indices-cranio-vertebral-instability/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916222752/http://www.csfinfo.org/research/csf-funded-research/csf-ehlers-danlos-syndrome-colloquium/indices-cranio-vertebral-instability/ |archive-date=2016-09-16 |work=Funded Research |publisher=Chiari & Syringomyelia Foundation |vauthors=Henderson F}}</ref><ref name="Henderson_2017" />

[[Arnold–Chiari malformation]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castori M, Voermans NC | title = Neurological manifestations of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome(s): A review | journal = Iranian Journal of Neurology | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 190–208 | date = October 2014 | pmid = 25632331 | pmc = 4300794 }}</ref> is also more frequently found in patients with EDS because of the instability at the juncture between skull and spine. This causes herniation of the posterior fossa below the [[foramen magnum]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dyste GN, Menezes AH, VanGilder JC | title = Symptomatic Chiari malformations. An analysis of presentation, management, and long-term outcome | language = en-US | journal = Journal of Neurosurgery | volume = 71 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–168 | date = August 1989 | pmid = 2746341 | doi = 10.3171/jns.1989.71.2.0159 }}</ref> Increased pressure created by the malformation can lead to a flattened [[pituitary gland]], hormone changes, sudden severe headaches, [[ataxia]], and poor [[proprioception]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Langridge B, Phillips E, Choi D | title = Chiari Malformation Type 1: A Systematic Review of Natural History and Conservative Management | journal = World Neurosurgery | volume = 104 | pages = 213–219 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28435116 | doi = 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.04.082 | url = https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1555498/ }}</ref>

Ophthalmological manifestations include [[Near-sightedness|nearsightedness]], retinal tearing and [[retinal detachment]], [[keratoconus]], blue sclera, dry eye, [[Sjögren syndrome|Sjogren's syndrome]], lens subluxation, angioid streaks, [[Epicanthic fold|epicanthal folds]], [[strabismus]], corneal scarring, brittle cornea syndrome, [[cataract]]s, [[Carotid-cavernous fistula|carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas]], and [[macular degeneration]].<ref>{{cite web |date=18 January 2015 |title=Ehlers–Danilo's Syndrome – The Role of Collagen in the Eye – Information |url=http://www.ehlersdanlos.ca/ehlers-danlos-syndrome-the-role-of-collagen-in-the-eye/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404112931/http://www.ehlersdanlos.ca/ehlers-danlos-syndrome-the-role-of-collagen-in-the-eye/ |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=2019-07-06 |work=The Canadian Ehlers Danlos Association |vauthors=William A}}</ref>

Otological complications may also occur. [[Hearing loss]] is common, both conductive and sensorineural, and is most often bilateral.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weir FW, Hatch JL, Muus JS, Wallace SA, Meyer TA | title = Audiologic Outcomes in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome | journal = Otology & Neurotology | volume = 37 | issue = 6 | pages = 748–752 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 27253074 | doi = 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001082 | s2cid = 5286116 }}</ref> [[Otosclerosis]] and instability of the bones in the inner ear may also contribute to hearing loss.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miyajima C, Ishimoto S, Yamasoba T | title = Otosclerosis associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome: report of a case | journal = Acta Oto-Laryngologica. Supplementum | volume = 127 | issue = 559 | pages = 157–159 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 18340588 | doi = 10.1080/03655230701600418 | s2cid = 2517459 }}</ref>