Editing Echinococcosis (section)

=== Regions ===
Very few countries are considered to be completely free of ''E. granulosus''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Budke CM, Deplazes P, Torgerson PR |title=Global socioeconomic impact of cystic echinococcosis |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=296–303 |date=February 2006 |pmid=16494758 |pmc=3373106 |doi=10.3201/eid1202.050499 }}</ref> Areas of the world where there is a high rate of infection often coincide with rural, grazing areas where dogs can ingest organs from infected animals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gessese |first1=Abebe Tesfaye |title=Review on Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Hydatidosis |journal=Veterinary Medicine International |date=5 December 2020 |volume=2020 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1155/2020/8859116 |pmid=33354312 |doi-access=free |pmc=7735834 }}</ref>

''E. multilocularis'' mainly occurs in the Northern Hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America.<ref name="MassoloLiccioli2014">{{cite journal |last1=Massolo |first1=Alessandro |last2=Liccioli |first2=Stefano |last3=Budke |first3=Christine |last4=Klein |first4=Claudia |title=''Echinococcus multilocularis'' in North America: the great unknown |journal=Parasite |date=2014 |volume=21 |pages=73 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2014069 |pmid=25531581 |pmc=4273702 }}</ref> However, its distribution was not always like this.<ref name="dpd">{{ cite web | author = CDC | title = Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis | publisher = CDC | year = 2010 | url = http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Echinococcosis.htm | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100304104002/http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Echinococcosis.htm | archive-date = 4 March 2010 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> For instance, until the end of the 1980s, ''E. multilocularis'' endemic areas in Europe were known to exist only in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. But during the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a shift in the distribution of ''E. multilocularis'' as the infection rate of foxes escalated in certain parts of France and Germany.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cerda |first1=Jacey Roche |last2=Buttke |first2=Danielle Elise |last3=Ballweber |first3=Lora Rickard |title=Echinococcus spp. Tapeworms in North America |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2018 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=230–235 |doi=10.3201/eid2402.161126 |pmid=29350139 |pmc=5782903 }}</ref>

As a result, several new endemic areas were found in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and surrounding countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Italy. There is also evidence showing that the Baltic Countries are endemic areas.<ref name=lassen>{{cite journal | last1 = Lassen| first1 = B. | last2 = Janson| first2 = M. | last3 = Viltrop| first3 = A. | last4 = Neare | first4 = K. | last5 = Hütt | first5 = P. | last6 = Golovljova | first6 = I. | last7 = Tummeleht | first7 = L. | last8 = Jokelainen| first8 = P. | year = 2016 | title = Serological Evidence of Exposure to Globally Relevant Zoonotic Parasites in the Estonian Population | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0164142 | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 11 | issue = 10 | pages =e0164142 | pmid = 27723790 | pmc = 5056716 | bibcode = 2016PLoSO..1164142L | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Marcinkutė" >{{cite journal | last1 = Marcinkutė | first1 = A. | last2 = Moks | first2 = E. | last3 = Saarma | first3 = U. | last4 = Jokelainen | first4 = P. | last5 = Bagrade | first5 = G. | last6 = Laivacuma | first6 = S. | last7 = Strupas | first7 = K. | last8 = Sokolovas | first8 = V. | last9 = Deplazes | first9 = P. | year = 2015 | title = Echinococcus infections in the Baltic region | doi = 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.032 | journal = Vet Par | volume = 213| issue = 3–4 | pages =121–31 | pmid = 26324242| doi-access = free }}</ref>

While alveolar echinococcosis is not extremely common, it is believed that in the coming years, it will be an emerging or re-emerging disease in certain countries as a result of ''E. multilocularis''’ ability to spread.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wen |first1=Hao |last2=Vuitton |first2=Lucine |last3=Tuxun |first3=Tuerhongjiang |last4=Li |first4=Jun |last5=Vuitton |first5=Dominique A. |last6=Zhang |first6=Wenbao |last7=McManus |first7=Donald P. |title=Echinococcosis: Advances in the 21st Century |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=20 March 2019 |volume=32 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00075-18 |pmid=30760475 |pmc=6431127 }}</ref>

Unlike the previous two species of ''Echinococcus'', ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthrus'' are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by ''E. vogeli'' and ''E. oligarthrus'' (polycystic echinococcosis) are considered to be the rarest form of echinococcosis.<ref name="JohnDavid">{{cite book |first1=David T. |last1=John |first2=William A. |last2=William Petri |first3=Edward K. |last3=Markell |first4=Marietta |last4=Voge |title=Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-QSZD783cdsC&pg=PA224 |date=January 2006 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7216-4793-7 |pages=224–231 |edition=9th |chapter=7: The Cestodes: ''Echinococcus granulosus'', ''E. multilocularis'' and ''E. vogeli'' (Hyatid Disease) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908220823/https://books.google.com/books?id=-QSZD783cdsC&pg=PA224 |archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref>