Editing Eastern philosophy (section)

====Japanese====
[[File:FukuzawaYukichi.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fukuzawa Yukichi]] (1862) a key civil rights activist and liberal thinker]]
Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as [[Rangaku]]) during the [[Edo period]] (1603–1868). Another intellectual movement during the Edo period was [[Kokugaku]] (national study), which sought to focus on the study of ancient Japanese thought, classic texts, and culture over and against foreign Chinese and Buddhist cultures.<ref>Earl, David Margarey, Emperor and Nation in Japan, Political Thinkers of the Tokugawa Period, University of Washington Press, 1964, pp. 66 ff.</ref> A key figure of this movement is [[Motoori Norinaga]] (1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called [[mono no aware]] ("sorrow at evanescence").<ref>Motoori, Norinaga (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&dq=motoori+norinaga&pg=PR9 ''The Poetics of Motoori Norinaga: A Hermeneutical Journey''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703151448/https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk4EucRlvSwC&dq=motoori+norinaga&pg=PR9 |date=3 July 2023 }}. University of Hawaii Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8248-3078-6}}.</ref>

In the [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912), the modernist [[Meirokusha]] (Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted [[Age of Enlightenment|European enlightenment]] thought. Meirokusha philosophers like [[Mori Arinori]], [[Nishi Amane]], and [[Fukuzawa Yukichi]] sought ways to combine Western ideas with [[Culture of Japan|Japanese culture]] and values. The [[Shōwa period]] (1926–1989) saw the rise of [[State Shinto]] and [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|Japanese nationalism]].

Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the [[Kyoto School]] which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included [[Kitaro Nishida]], [[Keiji Nishitani]], [[Hajime Tanabe]], and [[Masao Abe]]. The most important trend in Japanese Buddhist thought after the formation of the Kyoto school is [[Critical Buddhism]], which argues against several Mahayana concepts such as [[Buddha nature|Buddha-nature]] and [[Hongaku|original enlightenment]].<ref name="mbingenheimer.net"/>