Editing Breakfast (section)

==Effect on health==
While breakfast is commonly referred to as "the most important meal of the day",<ref name="gio">{{cite journal | title=Breakfast: a good habit, not a repetitive custom |vauthors=Giovannini M, Verduci E, Scaglioni S, Salvatici E, Bonza M, Riva E, Agostoni C | journal=J Int Med Res |pages=613–24 | year=2008 | volume=36 | issue=4 | pmid=18652755 | doi=10.1177/147323000803600401|s2cid=30558064 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2824987.stm|title=Breakfast is 'most important meal'|date= 7 March 2003|publisher=BBC|access-date=3 June 2009}}</ref> some contest the positive implications of its "most important" status.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/upshot/sorry-theres-nothing-magical-about-breakfast.html | title=Sorry, There's Nothing Magical About Breakfast | work=The New York Times | date=23 May 2016 | access-date=23 May 2016 | author=Carroll AE}}</ref>

===Scientific findings===
Some [[epidemiology|epidemiological]] research indicates that having breakfast high in rapidly available [[carbohydrates]] increases the risk of [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref name="maki">{{cite journal | title=The Effects of Breakfast Consumption and Composition on Metabolic Wellness with a Focus on Carbohydrate Metabolism |vauthors=Maki KC, Phillips-Eakley AK, Smith KN | journal=Adv Nutr | year=2016 | volume=7 | issue=3 |pages=613S–21S| doi=10.3945/an.115.010314 | pmid=27184288|pmc=4863265 }}</ref>

[[Memory]] was found to be adversely affected in subjects of a study who had not eaten their breakfast (q.v. also ''Studies using mice'' under this heading). Intelligence was not affected.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benton |first1=D |last2=Parker |first2=P Y |title=Breakfast, blood glucose, and cognition |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |date=1 April 1998 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=772S–778S |doi=10.1093/ajcn/67.4.772S |pmid=9537627 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Children aged within 8 and 11 years were found to have differing brainwave; [[EEG]] activity states, causative to breakfast consumption.  Non-breakfasting children were observed to have higher activity of upper and lower [[theta wave]], [[alpha wave]], and [[delta wave]], which indicated a causative relationship of breakfast consumption to memory function in the subjects.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pivik |first1=R.T. |last2=Tennal |first2=Kevin B. |last3=Chapman |first3=Stephen D. |last4=Gu |first4=Yuyuan |title=Eating breakfast enhances the efficiency of neural networks engaged during mental arithmetic in school-aged children |journal=Physiology & Behavior |date=June 2012 |volume=106 |issue=4 |pages=548–555 |doi=10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.03.034 |pmid=22504496 |s2cid=19638958 }}</ref>

A review of 47 studies associating breakfast to (i) nutrition, (ii) body weight and (iii) academic performance found amongst those who had eaten breakfast: (i) better nutrition profiles, many studies found less weight (ii) irrespective of greater calorific consumption per day, although a number did not find this correlation, (iii) studies suggested a possible link to better academic performance in the breakfast eating groups (q.v. Benton and Parker 1998, under this heading).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rampersaud |first1=Gail C. |last2=Pereira |first2=Mark A. |last3=Girard |first3=Beverly L. |last4=Adams |first4=Judi |last5=Metzl |first5=Jordan D. |title=Breakfast Habits, Nutritional Status, Body Weight, and Academic Performance in Children and Adolescents |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date=May 2005 |volume=105 |issue=5 |pages=743–760 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2005.02.007 |pmid=15883552 }}</ref>

The influence of breakfast on managing body weight is unclear.<ref name=LeidyGwin2016>{{cite journal|vauthors=Leidy HJ, Gwin JA, Roenfeldt CA, Zino AZ, Shafer RS | title=Evaluating the Intervention-Based Evidence Surrounding the Causal Role of Breakfast on Markers of Weight Management, with Specific Focus on Breakfast Composition and Size | journal=Adv Nutr | year= 2016 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 563S–575S | pmid=27184285 | pmc=4863262 | doi=10.3945/an.115.010223}}</ref><ref name="pmid30700403">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sievert K, Hussain SM, Page MJ, Wang Y, Hughes HJ, Malek M, Cicuttini FM |title=Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) |volume=364 |pages=l42 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30700403 |pmc=6352874 |doi=10.1136/bmj.l42}}</ref>

===Healthy choice===
Present professional opinion is largely in favor of eating breakfast,<ref name=gio/> but skipping breakfast might be better than eating unhealthy foods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pifferi |first1=Fabien |last2=Aujard |first2=Fabienne |title=Caloric restriction, longevity and aging: Recent contributions from human and non-human primate studies |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry |date=December 2019 |volume=95 |pages=109702 |doi=10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109702 |pmid=31325469 |s2cid=197404162 }}</ref>