Editing Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (section)

===Non-psychiatric===
{{see also|Accident-proneness#Hypophobia}}

Some non-psychiatric conditions are also comorbidities of ADHD. This includes [[epilepsy]],<ref name="NHS2018" /> a neurological condition characterised by recurrent seizures.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Williams AE, Giust JM, Kronenberger WG, Dunn DW |date=2016 |title=Epilepsy and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: links, risks, and challenges |journal=[[Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment]] |volume=12 |pages=287–296 |doi=10.2147/NDT.S81549 |pmc=4755462 |pmid=26929624 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Silva RR, Munoz DM, Alpert M |date=March 1996 |title=Carbamazepine use in children and adolescents with features of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry]] |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=352–358 |doi=10.1097/00004583-199603000-00017 |pmid=8714324 |doi-access=free}}</ref> There are well established associations between ADHD and obesity, [[asthma]] and sleep disorders,<ref name="pmid27664125">{{cite journal |vauthors=Instanes JT, Klungsøyr K, Halmøy A, Fasmer OB, Haavik J |date=February 2018 |title=Adult ADHD and Comorbid Somatic Disease: A Systematic Literature Review |journal=[[Journal of Attention Disorders]] |type=Systematic Review |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=203–228 |doi=10.1177/1087054716669589 |pmc=5987989 |pmid=27664125}}</ref> and an association with celiac disease.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Gaur S |date=May 2022 |title=The Association between ADHD and Celiac Disease in Children |journal=Children |publisher=[[MDPI]] |volume=9 |issue=6 |page=781 |doi=10.3390/children9060781 |pmc=9221618 |pmid=35740718 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Children with ADHD have a higher risk for [[migraine]] headaches,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hsu TW, Chen MH, Chu CS, Tsai SJ, Bai YM, Su TP, Chen TJ, Liang CS |date=May 2022 |title=Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and risk of migraine: A nationwide longitudinal study |journal=Headache |volume=62 |issue=5 |pages=634–641 |doi=10.1111/head.14306 |pmid=35524451 |s2cid=248553863}}</ref> but have no increased risk of tension-type headaches. Children with ADHD may also experience headaches as a result of medication.<ref name="Salem_2017">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salem H, Vivas D, Cao F, Kazimi IF, Teixeira AL, Zeni CP |date=March 2018 |title=ADHD is associated with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=[[European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry]] |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=267–277 |doi=10.1007/s00787-017-1045-4 |pmid=28905127 |s2cid=3949012}}</ref><ref name="Pan_2021">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pan PY, Jonsson U, Şahpazoğlu Çakmak SS, Häge A, Hohmann S, Nobel Norrman H, Buitelaar JK, Banaschewski T, Cortese S, Coghill D, Bölte S |date=January 2022 |title=Headache in ADHD as comorbidity and a side effect of medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Psychological Medicine |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=14–25 |doi=10.1017/s0033291721004141 |pmc=8711104 |pmid=34635194 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2021 review reported that several neurometabolic disorders caused by [[inborn errors of metabolism]] converge on common neurochemical mechanisms that interfere with biological mechanisms also considered central in ADHD pathophysiology and treatment. This highlights the importance of close collaboration between health services to avoid clinical overshadowing.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cannon Homaei S, Barone H, Kleppe R, Betari N, Reif A, Haavik J |date=January 2022 |title=ADHD symptoms in neurometabolic diseases: Underlying mechanisms and clinical implications |journal=[[Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews]] |volume=132 |pages=838–856 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.012 |pmid=34774900 |s2cid=243983688 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In June 2021, ''[[Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews]]'' published a [[systematic review]] of 82 studies that all confirmed or implied elevated accident-proneness in ADHD patients, and whose data suggested that the type of accidents or injuries -- and overall risk -- changes over the lifespan of ADHD patients.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Libutzki B, Reif A, Larsson H, McNeill RV, Kittel-Schneider S |date=June 2021 |title=ADHD and accidents over the life span - A systematic review |journal=[[Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=125 |pages=582–591 |doi=10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.002 |pmid=33582234 |s2cid=231885131 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In January 2014, ''[[Accident Analysis & Prevention]]'' published a [[meta-analysis]] of 16 studies examining the relative risk of [[traffic collision]]s for drivers with ADHD, finding an overall relative risk estimate of 1.36 without controlling for exposure, a relative risk estimate of 1.29 when controlling for [[publication bias]], a relative risk estimate of 1.23 when controlling for exposure, and a relative risk estimate of 1.86 for ADHD drivers with [[oppositional defiant disorder]] or [[conduct disorder]] [[Comorbidity|comorbidities]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaa T |date=January 2014 |title=ADHD and relative risk of accidents in road traffic: a meta-analysis |journal=[[Accident Analysis & Prevention]] |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=62 |pages=415–425 |doi=10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.003 |pmid=24238842 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11250/2603537}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Overview: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217091056/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/ |archive-date=17 February 2024 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=[[NHS]]}}</ref>