Editing Antisemitism (section)

===20th century===
{{See also|Jewish Bolshevism|Racial policy of Nazi Germany|Soviet anti-Semitism}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 133-075, Worms, Antisemitische Presse, "Stürmerkasten".jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Public reading of the antisemitic newspaper ''[[Der Stürmer]]'', [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], Germany, 1935]]

Between 1900 and 1924, approximately 1.75&nbsp;million Jews migrated to America, the bulk from Eastern Europe escaping [[Pogroms in the Russian Empire|the pogroms]]. This increase, combined with the [[upward social mobility]] of some Jews, contributed to a resurgence of antisemitism. In the first half of the 20th century, in the US, Jews were discriminated against in employment, access to residential and resort areas, membership in clubs and organizations, and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrolment and teaching positions in colleges and universities. The lynching of [[Leo Frank]] by a mob of prominent citizens in [[Marietta, Georgia]], in 1915 turned the spotlight on antisemitism in the United States.{{sfnp|Chanes|2004|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ju7U83nRDt8C&pg=PA72 72]}} The case was also used to build support for the renewal of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] which had been inactive since 1870.{{sfnp|Levy|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&pg=PA243 vol. 1, p.&nbsp;72]}}

At the beginning of the 20th century, the [[Menahem Mendel Beilis|Beilis Trial]] in Russia represented modern incidents of [[blood libel|blood-libel]]s in Europe. During the [[Russian Civil War]], close to 50,000 Jews were [[Pogroms of the Russian Civil War|killed in pogroms]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Russian_Civil_War |title=Russian Civil War |last=Abramson |first=Henry |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe |access-date=6 February 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175836/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Russian_Civil_War |url-status=live}}</ref>

Antisemitism in America reached its peak during the [[interwar period]]. The pioneer automobile manufacturer [[Henry Ford]] propagated antisemitic ideas in his newspaper ''[[The Dearborn Independent]]'' (published by Ford from 1919 to 1927). The radio speeches of [[Father Coughlin]] in the late 1930s attacked [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] and promoted the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. Some prominent politicians shared such views: [[Louis T. McFadden]], Chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Banking and Currency]], blamed Jews for Roosevelt's decision to abandon the [[gold standard]], and claimed that "in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money".<ref>{{cite book |last=Arad |first=Gulie Ne'eman |title=America, Its Jews, and the Rise of Nazism |year=2000 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Indianapolis |isbn=978-0-253-33809-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americaitsjewsri00arad/page/174 174] |url=https://archive.org/details/americaitsjewsri00arad/page/174}}</ref>

<!-- [[File:Selection Birkenau ramp.jpg|thumb|"Selection" on the ''Judenrampe'', [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], May/June 1944. To be sent to the right meant slave labor; to the left, the [[gas chamber]]s. This image shows the arrival of [[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] Jews from [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Carpatho-Ruthenia]], many of them from the [[Berehove|Berehov]] ghetto. It was taken by Ernst Hofmann or Bernhard Walter of the [[SS]]. Courtesy of [[Yad Vashem]].<ref name=AuschwitzAlbum>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/home_auschwitz_album.html |title=The Auschwitz Album |website=[[Yad Vashem]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401084652/http://www1.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/album_auschwitz/home_auschwitz_album.html |archive-date=1 April 2005}}</ref> {{FFDC|1=Selection Birkenau ramp.jpg|log=2009 April 6|date=May 2012}}]] -->
[[File:Buchenwald Corpses 60623.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium at the recently liberated [[Buchenwald concentration camp]], 1945]]

In Germany, shortly after [[Adolf Hitler]] and the [[Nazi Party]] [[Machtergreifung|came to power]] in 1933, the government instituted repressive legislation which denied Jews basic civil rights.{{sfnp|Majer|2014|p=60}}<ref>see also [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]] (7 April 1933)</ref>

In September 1935, the [[Nuremberg Laws]] prohibited sexual relations and marriages between "Aryans" and Jews as {{lang|de|[[Rassenschande]]}} ("race disgrace") and stripped all German Jews, even quarter- and [[half-Jew]]s, of their citizenship (their official title became "subjects of the state").{{sfnp|Majer|2014|pp=113, 116, 118}} It instituted a pogrom on the night of 9–10 November 1938, dubbed ''[[Kristallnacht]]'', in which Jews were killed, their property destroyed and their synagogues torched.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ian |last=Kershaw |author-link=Ian Kershaw |date=2008 |title=Fateful Choices |pages=441–444}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2025}} Antisemitic laws, agitation and propaganda were extended to [[German-occupied Europe]] in the wake of conquest, often building on local antisemitic traditions.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

In 1940, the famous aviator [[Charles Lindbergh]] and many prominent Americans led the [[America First Committee]] in opposing any involvement in a European war. Lindbergh alleged that Jews were pushing America to go to war against Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html |title='America First,' a phrase with a loaded anti-Semitic and isolationist history |last=Bennett |first=Brian |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=20 January 2017 |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107115008/https://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-trump-america-first-20170120-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/ |title=A Short History of 'America First' |last=Calamur |first=Krishnadev |date=21 January 2017 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=23 November 2018 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203044351/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/trump-america-first/514037/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&pg=PA66 |title=1940: FDR, Willkie, Lindbergh, Hitler-the Election amid the Storm |last=Dunn |first=Susan |date=4 June 2013 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0300195132 |pages=66 |access-date=26 November 2020 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230001721/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ZUniR1uQcUC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Lindbergh adamantly denied being antisemitic, and yet he refers numerous times in his private writings &ndash; his letters and diary &ndash; to Jewish control of the media being used to pressure the U.S. to get involved in the European war. In one diary entry in November 1938, he responded to {{lang|de|Kristallnacht}} by writing "I do not understand these riots on the part of the Germans. ... They have undoubtedly had a difficult Jewish problem, but why is it necessary to handle it so unreasonably?", acknowledgement on Lindbergh's part that he agreed with the Nazis that Germany had a "Jewish problem".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=Wayne S. |date=1974 |title=Charles Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II |location=New York |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |pages=171–174 |isbn=0-15-118168-3}}</ref> An article by Jonathan Marwil in ''Antisemitism, A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution'' claims that "no one who ever knew Lindbergh thought him antisemitic" and that claims of his antisemitism were solely tied to the remarks he made in that one speech.<ref>Levy, Richard S. "Lindbergh, Charles (1902–1974)" in {{harvp|Levy|2005|loc=vol. 1, pp.423–424}}</ref>

In the east the Third Reich forced Jews into ghettos [[Warsaw Ghetto|in Warsaw]], [[Kraków Ghetto|in Kraków]], [[Lwów Ghetto|in Lvov]], [[Lublin Ghetto|in Lublin]] and [[Radom Ghetto|in Radom]].<ref>Martin Kitchen (2007) ''The Third Reich: A Concise History''. Tempus.</ref>
After [[Operation Barbarossa|the beginning]] of the war between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1941, a campaign of mass murder, conducted by the [[Einsatzgruppen]], culminated from 1942 to 1945 in systematic [[genocide]]: [[the Holocaust]].<ref name="saul1">[[Saul Friedländer]] (2008): ''The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews''. London, Phoenix</ref> Eleven million Jews were targeted for extermination by the Nazis, and some six million were eventually killed.<ref name="saul1"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Benz |first=Wolfgang |author-link=Wolfgang Benz |title=Dimension des Volksmords: Die Zahl der Jüdischen Opfer des Nationalsozialismus |language=de |trans-title=Dimension of Genocide: The Number of Jewish Victims of National Socialism |location=Munich |orig-date=1991 |editor-first=Israel |editor-last=Gutman |series=Encyclopedia of the Holocaust |publisher=Macmillan Reference Books: Deutscher Taschebuch Verlag |edition=Reference |date=1 October 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Lucy Dawidowicz |last=Dawidowicz |first=Lucy |title=The War Against The Jews, 1933–1945 |location=New York |publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston |date=1975}}</ref>{{pn|date=January 2025}}