Editing Age of Enlightenment (section)

===Japan===
From 1641 to 1853, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] of Japan enforced a policy called ''[[Sakoku|kaikin]].'' The policy prohibited foreign contact with most outside countries.<ref>Ronald P. Toby, ''State and Diplomacy in Early Modern Japan: Asia in the Development of the Tokugawa Bakufu,'' Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, (1984) 1991.</ref> [[Robert N. Bellah|Robert Bellah]] found "origins of modern Japan in certain strands of [[Confucianism|Confucian]] thinking, a 'functional analogue to the [[Protestant work ethic|Protestant Ethic]]' that [[Max Weber]] singled out as the driving force behind Western capitalism."<ref name=":0" /> Japanese Confucian and Enlightenment ideas were brought together, for example, in the work of the Japanese reformer [[Tsuda Mamichi]] in the 1870s, who said, "Whenever we open our mouths...it is to speak of 'enlightenment.{{'"}}<ref name=":0" />

In Japan and much of East Asia, Confucian ideas were not replaced but "ideas associated with the Enlightenment were instead fused with the existing cosmology—which in turn was refashioned under conditions of [[globalization|global]] interaction."<ref name=":0" /> In Japan in particular, the term ''ri,'' which is the Confucian idea of "order and harmony on human society" also came to represent "the idea of [[laissez-faire]] and the rationality of [[market (economics)|market]] exchange."<ref name=":0" /> By the 1880s, the slogan "Civilization and Enlightenment" became potent throughout Japan, China, and Korea and was employed to address challenges of [[globalization]].<ref name=":0" />