Editing 1340s (section)

====Philosophy and religion====
[[Image:William of Ockham - Logica 1341.jpg|thumb|A sketch of [[William of Ockham]], from a 1341 manuscript of Ockham's earlier [[nominalism|nominalist]] work, ''[[Sum of Logic|Summa Logicae]]'']]

In the 1340s, Catholic Church was governed under the [[Avignon Papacy]]. Pope [[Benedict XII]] died on 25 April 1342, and was buried in a mausoleum in [[Avignon Cathedral]].<ref name="Rendina376">Rendina, p 376</ref> Thirteen days later, the [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]] elected [[Benedictine]] cardinal and theologian Pierre Roger de Beaufort as Pope [[Clement VI]].<ref name="Rendina376"/> He reigned as pope until 1352.<ref name="Rendina376"/>

In 1340s, the controversial [[Franciscan]] [[friar]] and [[Scholasticism|Scholastic]] philosopher [[William of Ockham]] was at [[Munich]] under the protection of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis of Bavaria]], since 1330.<ref name="CRVP">{{cite web|title=William of Ockham, Philosopher of Nominalism |url=http://www.crvp.org/book/Series01/I-9/chapter_vii.htm |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |access-date=2008-07-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720111114/https://www.crvp.org/book/Series01/I-9/chapter_vii.htm |archive-date=2008-07-20 }}</ref> During this time, he wrote exclusively on political matters,<ref name="StanfordOckham">{{cite encyclopedia |title=William of Ockham – 1.3 Munich |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/#1.3 |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> as an advocate of [[Absolute monarchy|secular absolutism]] against [[papal]] authority, for which he had previously been [[Excommunication (Catholic Church)|excommunicated]].<ref name="Newadvent">{{cite encyclopedia |title=William of Ockham |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15636a.htm |encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] (1913) |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> Among the followers of Ockhamism — condensed as the omnipotence of God and [[Occam's Razor]] — were [[John of Mirecourt]] (fl. c. 1345) and [[Nicholas of Autrecourt]] (fl. c. 1347), both of whom taught at the [[University of Paris]].<ref name="CRVP"/> Ockham, Mirecourt and Autrecourt all agreed on the [[Law of noncontradiction|principle of noncontradiction]] and experience as bases of certainty.<ref name="CRVP"/>

On November 21, 1340, Autrecourt too was summoned him to [[Avignon]] to respond to allegations of false teaching.<ref name="StanfordAutrecourt">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Nicholas of Autrecourt |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/autrecourt/ |encyclopedia=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=2008-07-12 }}</ref> The trial, under [[Pope Benedict XII]] and his successor [[Clement VI]], lasted until his conviction in 1346.<ref name="StanfordAutrecourt"/> Autrecourt was charged with 66 erroneous teachings or "articles", which he publicly recanted before the papal court.<ref name="StanfordAutrecourt"/> He recanted them in public again, in Paris in 1347.<ref name="StanfordAutrecourt"/> Although Ockham also expressed willingness to resubmit to the Church and Franciscan Order, there is no evidence of a formal reconciliation.<ref name="CRVP"/> Ockham is sometimes said to have died in 1349,<ref name="Newadvent"/> but it is more likely to have been 1347,<ref name="StanfordOckham"/> possibly of the Black Plague.<ref name="CRVP"/>

In 1343, Clement VI issued the [[papal bull]] ''Unigenitus''. The bull defined the doctrine of "The Treasury of Merits" or "The Treasury of the Church" as the basis for the issuance of [[indulgence]]s by the Catholic Church.<!--Copied from [[1343]] article--><ref>''The Forge of Vision: A Visual History of Modern Christianity'' {{ISBN|978-0-52028-695-5}} p. 75</ref>