Editing White people (section)

=== North America ===

==== Bermuda (U.K.) ====
{{main|White Bermudians}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|''[[Bermudians|Bermuda]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 30.5%
| 19,466
| 2016<ref name="Bermuda 2016 Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2016%20Census%20Report.pdf |title=Bermuda 2016 Census |publisher=Bermuda Department of Statistics |date = December 2016|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
|}
At the 2016 census the number of Bermudians who identify as white was 19,466 or 31 percent of the total population.<ref name="Bermuda 2016 Census" /> The White population of Bermuda made up the entirety of the Bermuda's population, other than a black and an Indian slave brought in for a very short-lived pearl fishery in 1616,<ref>[http://www.stgeorgesfoundation.org/2016/10/newsletter/ The St. George's Foundation newsletter 4 October, 2017]</ref> from settlement (which began accidentally in 1609 with the wreck of the Sea Venture) until the middle of the 17th century, and the majority until some point in the 18th century.

In 2010, census data found that White Bermudians accounted for 31% including 10% native Bermudians and 21% foreign-born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.bm/sites/default/files/2010%20Census%20Report.pdf|title=2010 Official census (P.18)|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>

==== Canada ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|[[Canadians|Canada]]
| 69.8%
| 25,364,140
| [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="Canada2021CensusA">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Canada2021CensusB">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title=The Canadian census: A rich portrait of the country's religious and ethnocultural diversity |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026b-eng.htm |quote=In 2021, just over 25 million people reported being White in the census, representing close to 70% of the total Canadian population. The vast majority reported being White only, while 2.4% also reported one or more other racialized groups. |access-date=2022-01-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|}
{{See also|Demographics of Canada|European Canadians}}
Of the over 36 million [[Canadians]] enumerated in 2021 approximately 25 million reported being "White", representing 69.8 percent of the population.<ref name="Canada2021CensusA"/><ref name="Canada2021CensusB"/>

In the 1995 Employment Equity Act, "'members of visible minorities' means persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour". In the 2001 Census, persons who selected Chinese, South Asian, African, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Middle Eastern, Japanese, or Korean were included in the visible minority population.<ref>Human Resources and Social Development Canada, [http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=/en/lp/lo/lswe/we/ee_tools/data/eedr/annual/2001/technotes.shtml&hs=2001 2001 Employment Equity Data Report] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A separate census question on "cultural or ethnic origin" (question 17) does not refer to [[Human skin color|skin color]].<ref>Census 2001: 2B (Long Form)</ref>

==== Costa Rica ====
{{See also|Costa Ricans}}

The 2022 census counted a total population of 5,044,197 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inec.cr/estimaciones-poblacion-vivienda-2022 |title=National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica|website= Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica, or INEC|access-date=28 August 2023|date=2022}}</ref> In 2022, the census also recorded ethnic or racial identity for all groups separately for the first time in more than ninety-five years since the 1927 census. Options included indigenous, Black or Afro-descendant, Mulatto, Chinese, [[Mestizo]], white and other on section IV: question 7.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://admin.inec.cr/sites/default/files/media/_por_que_se_hacen_estas_preguntas_1.pdf|title=INEC Cuestionario Censo 2022|website=INEC|date=2022|accessdate=6 April 2023}}</ref>
White people (including mestizo) make up 94%, 3% are [[black people]], 1% are Amerindians, and 1% are Chinese. White Costa Ricans are mostly of Spanish ancestry,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |date=2007 |title=Costa Rica |encyclopedia=[[MSN Encarta|Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Microsoft]] |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |access-date=29 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529013932/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572479/costa_rica.html |archive-date=29 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but there are also significant numbers of Costa Ricans descended from British, [[Italians|Italian]], [[Germans|German]], English, [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, Irish, [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] and [[Polish people|Polish]] families, as well a sizable Jewish (namely Ashkenazi and Sephardic) community.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

==== Cuba ====
{{Main|White Cubans}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|[[Cubans|Cuba]]
| 64.1%
| 7,160,399
| 2012<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|title=El Color de la Piel Según el Censo de Población y Viviendas de 2012|date=February 2016|accessdate=3 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

White people in Cuba make up 64.1% of the total population according to the 2012 census<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.one.cu/ |title=2012 Cuban Census |publisher=One.cu |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226105518/http://www.one.cu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |title=Censo en Cuba concluye que la población decrece, envejece y se vuelve cada vez más mestiza |publisher=Grupo Copesa |date=8 November 2013 |work=latercera.com |access-date=16 July 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020219/http://www.latercera.com/noticia/mundo/2013/11/678-550807-9-censo-en-cuba-concluye-que-la-poblacion-decrece-envejece-y-se-vuelve-cada-vez.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> with the majority being of diverse Spanish descent. However, after the mass exodus resulting from the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, the number of white Cubans actually residing in Cuba diminished. Today various records claiming the percentage of Whites in Cuba are conflicting and uncertain; some reports (usually coming from Cuba) still report a less, but similar, pre-1959 number of 65% and others (usually from outside observers) report a 40–45%. Despite most White Cubans being of Spanish descent, many others are of French, Portuguese, German, Italian and Russian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cubagenweb.org/french/index.htm#refugees |title=Etat des propriétés rurales appartenant à des Français dans l'île de Cuba}} (from [http://www.cubagenweb.org/ Cuban Genealogy Center])</ref>

During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early part of the twentieth century, large waves of [[Canarian people|Canarians]], [[Catalan people|Catalans]], [[Andalusian people|Andalusians]], [[Castilian people|Castilians]], and [[Galician people|Galicians]] emigrated to Cuba. Many [[History of the Jews in Cuba|European Jews]] have also immigrated there, with some of them being [[Sephardic Jews|Sephardic]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/02/04/travel/04journeys.html?em&ex=1170824400&en=254a263b2686376e&ei=5087%0A |title=In Cuba, Finding a Tiny Corner of Jewish Life |access-date=19 November 2008 |work=The New York Times |date=4 February 2007}}</ref> Between 1901 and 1958, more than a million Spaniards arrived to Cuba from Spain; many of these and their descendants left after Castro's communist [[Cuban Revolution|regime took power]]. Historically, Chinese descendants in Cuba were classified as White.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.tcl.sc.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/CCC&CISOPTR=1683&REC=5&CISOBOX=foreign|title=Report on the Census of Cuba, 1899|website=Digital.tcl.sc.edu|access-date=19 April 2022|page=81}}</ref>

In 1953, it was estimated that 72.8% of Cubans were of European ancestry, mainly of Spanish origin, 12.4% of African ancestry, 14.5% of both African and European ancestry (mulattos), and 0.3% of the population was of Chinese and or East Asian descent (officially called "amarilla" or "yellow" in the census). However, after the [[Cuban revolution]], due to a combination of factors, mainly mass [[Emigration|exodus]] to Miami, United States, a drastic decrease in immigration, and interracial reproduction, Cuba's demography changed. As a result, those of complete European ancestry and those of pure African ancestry have decreased, the mixed population has increased, and the Chinese (or East Asian) population has, for all intents and purposes, disappeared.<ref name="Cuban Census">{{cite web|title=El Color de la Piel según el Censo de Población y Viviendas|pages=8, 17–18 |url=http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf|access-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220121050600/http://www.onei.gob.cu/sites/default/files/publicacion_completa_color_de_la_piel__0.pdf |archive-date=21 January 2022|website=Cuba Statistics and Information}}</ref>

The Institute for Cuban and Cuban American Studies at the [[University of Miami]] says the present Cuban population is 38% White and 62% Black/Mulatto.<ref name="barrier">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|title=A barrier for Cuba's blacks – New attitudes on once-taboo race questions emerge with a fledgling black movement|website=[[Miami Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821113550/http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/part4/index.html|archive-date=21 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Minority Rights Group International]] says that "An objective assessment of the situation of Afro-Cubans remains problematic due to scant records and a paucity of systematic studies both pre- and post-revolution. Estimates of the percentage of people of African descent in the Cuban population vary enormously, ranging from 33.9 per cent to 62 per cent".<ref>{{Cite news |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Afro-Cubans |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/49749d342c.html |access-date=17 January 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Cuba: Overview |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510214518/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,COUNTRYPROF,CUB,4562d94e2,4954ce3123,0.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

==== Dominican Republic ====

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|[[White Dominicans|Dominican Republic]]
| 18.7%
| 1,611,752
| [[2022 Dominican Republic Census|2022]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.one.gob.do/media/fdholyvz/boleta-censal-xcnpv.pdf|title=Boleta Censal|website=Nacional de Población y Vivienda|accessdate=17 January 2023}}</ref>
|}
{{Main|White Dominicans}}
They are 18.7% of the [[Dominican Republic]]'s population, according to a 2022 survey by the [[United Nations Population Fund]].<ref name="UNFPA-Encuesta-Autopercepcion">{{cite web|date=September 2021|location=Santo Domingo |title=Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana |publisher=Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas ([[United Nations Population Fund]])|url=https://dominicanrepublic.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/encuesta_nacional_de_autopercepcion_racial_y_etnica_en_rd_100322.pdf|page=22|accessdate= May 31, 2024}}</ref> The majority of white Dominicans have ancestry from the first European settlers to arrive in [[Hispaniola]] in 1492 and are descendants of the [[Spaniards|Spanish]] and  [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] who settled in the [[Hispaniola|island]] during [[Captaincy General of Santo Domingo|colonial times]], as well as the [[French people|French]] who settled in the 17th and 18th centuries. About 9.2% of the Dominican population claims a [[European emigration|European immigrant]] background, according to the 2021 Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas survey.<ref name="UNFPA-Encuesta-Autopercepcion"/>

==== El Salvador ====
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|[[Demographics of El Salvador|El Salvador]]
| 12.7%
| 730,000
| 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/servers/redatam/htdocs/CPV2007S/Docs/RESULTADOS_FINALES.pdf|title=El Salvador: Censos de Población 2007|trans-title=El Salvador: Population Census 2007|language=es|publisher=digestyc.gob.sv|page=13|date=2008|access-date=20 December 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923214714/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/servers/redatam/htdocs/CPV2007S/Docs/RESULTADOS_FINALES.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}
{{See also|Demographics of El Salvador}}

According to 2007 estimates, white people accounted for 12.7% of the population.<ref name=cia>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/ |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=El Salvador |access-date=12 October 2013 |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] }}</ref>

==== Guatemala ====
{{See also|Demographics of Guatemala}}
In 2010, 18.5% of Guatemalans belonged to the White ethnic group, with 41.7% of the population being Mestizo, and 39.8% of the population belonging to the 23 [[Maya peoples|Indigenous]] groups.<ref name=INEX>{{cite web |url= http://www.ine.gob.gt/sistema/uploads/2014/02/26/5eTCcFlHErnaNVeUmm3iabXHaKgXtw0C.pdf |title=Caracterización estadística República de Guatemala 2012 |access-date=2 November 2014 |publisher=INE}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Can't find these figures in the source|date=December 2014}} It is difficult to make an accurate census of Whites in [[Guatemala]], because the country categorizes all non-indigenous people are mestizo or [[Ladino people|ladino]] and a large majority of White Guatemalans consider themselves as mestizos or ladinos.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paZPVchKJMkC&q=white+Guatemalans+considered+himself+mestizo&pg=PA185|title=Ch'orti'–Maya Survival in Eastern Guatemala: Indigeneity in Transition|first=Brent|last=Metz|date=2006|publisher=UNM Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0-8263-3881-5}}</ref> By the nineteenth century the majority of immigrants were [[Germans]], many who were bestowed [[fincas]] and coffee plantations in [[Cobán]], while others went to [[Quetzaltenango]] and [[Guatemala City]]. Many young Germans married [[mestiza]] and [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Q'eqchi' people|Q'eqchi']] women, which caused a gradual whitening. There was also immigration of [[Belgians]] to [[Santo Tomás de Castilla|Santo Tomas]] and this contributed to the mixture of [[Afro-Guatemalan|black]] and [[mestiza]] women in that region.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==== Honduras ====
{{Main|White Honduran}}
The ''[[World Factbook]]'' reports that white people are 1% of the population of Honduras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/honduras/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=cia.gov|access-date=24 January 2025}}</ref>

==== Mexico ====

{{Main|White Mexicans}}

White Mexicans are [[Mexicans]] of total or predominantly [[Europe]]an or [[West Asia]]n ancestry.<ref name="fnavarrete"/> The [[Federal government of Mexico|Mexican government]] conducts ethnic censuses that allow individuals to identify as "White",<ref name=MMSI1>[http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf "Resultados del Modulo de Movilidad Social Intergeneracional"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709120023/http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/boletines/2017/mmsi/mmsi2017_06.pdf |date=July 9, 2018 }}, ''INEGI'', June 16, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.</ref> but the specific results of these censuses are not made public. Instead, the government releases data on the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" in the country, with nationwide surveys conducted by the Mexico's [[INEGI|National Institute of Statistics]] and the [[National Council to Prevent Discrimination]] reporting results that estimate them at about one-third of the country's population.<ref name=ENADIS2017-1>[http://www.cndh.org.mx/sites/all/doc/OtrosDocumentos/Doc_2018_061.pdf "Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación 2017"], ''CNDH'', 6 August 2018, Retrieved on 10 August 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encuesta Nacional sobre Discriminación (ENADIS) 2022 |url=https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enadis/2022/#:~:text=La%20ENADIS%202022%20se%20suma,manera%20estructural%20han%20sido%20discriminados. |access-date=April 2, 2024 |website=www.inegi.org.mx |language=es}}</ref><ref name="conapred21Marzo">{{cite web|url=http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/21_Marzo_DiaIntElimDiscRacial_INACCSS.pdf|title=21 de Marzo: Día Internacional de la Eliminación de la Discriminación Racial|trans-title=21 March: International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination|language=es|publisher=[[National Council to Prevent Discrimination|CONAPRED]]|location=Mexico|page=7|date=2017|accessdate=23 August 2017}}</ref><ref name=MMSI2>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y "Visión INEGI 2021 Dr. Julio Santaella Castell"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121234012/http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/JASC%2520IBD%2520MMSI%25202016%2520V1.0.pdf?sequence=6&isAllowed=y |date=January 21, 2019 }}, ''INEGI'', July 3, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.</ref> The term "Light-skinned Mexican" is preferred by both the government and media to describe individuals in Mexico who possess European physical traits when discussing ethno-racial dynamics.<ref name="DISC-RACIAL 2011">[http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf "Documento Informativo Sobre Discriminación Racial En México"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525133620/http://www.conapred.org.mx/documentos_cedoc/Dossier%20DISC-RACIAL.pdf |date=May 25, 2017 }}, ''CONAPRED'', Mexico, March 21, 2011, retrieved on April 28, 2017.</ref> However, "White Mexican" is still used at times.<ref name=huffpost>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ "Por estas razones el color de piel determina las oportunidades de los mexicanos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622011146/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/06/26/por-estas-razones-el-color-de-piel-de-los-mexicanos-determina-su_a_23001217/ |date=June 22, 2018 }}, ''Huffington post'', July 26, 2017, Retrieved on April 30, 2018.</ref><ref name=ElUniversal>[http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco "Ser Blanco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619075811/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/articulo/ricardo-fuentes-nieva/nacion/2017/07/6/ser-blanco |date=June 19, 2018 }}, ''El Universal'', July 6, 2017, Retrieved on June 19, 2018.</ref><ref name=Forbes>[https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco "Comprobado con datos: en México te va mejor si eres blanco"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202809/https://www.forbes.com.mx/inegi-lo-confirma-en-mexico-te-va-mejor-si-eres-blanco/ |date=November 5, 2018 }}, ''forbes'', August 7, 2018, Retrieved on November 4, 2018.</ref><ref name=Economiahoy>[https://www.economiahoy.mx/nacional-eAm-mx/noticias/10398162/03/20/Sears-racista-Causa-polemica-su-nueva-campana-de-publicidad.html "¿Seras racista? Causa polémica su nueva campaña de publicidad"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721213516/https://www.economiahoy.mx/nacional-eAm-mx/noticias/10398162/03/20/Sears-racista-Causa-polemica-su-nueva-campana-de-publicidad.html |date=July 21, 2020 }}, ''Economiahoy.mx'', March 5, 2020, Retrieved on July 21, 2020.</ref><ref name=Tomatazos>[https://www.tomatazos.com/noticias/435020/Critican-series-mexicanas-de-Netflix-por-solo-tener-personajes-blancos "Critican series mexicanas de Netflix por sólo tener personajes blancos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419222723/https://www.tomatazos.com/noticias/435020/Critican-series-mexicanas-de-Netflix-por-solo-tener-personajes-blancos |date=April 19, 2021 }}, ''Tomatazos.com'', 23 mayo 2020, consultado el 19 de diciembre de 2020.</ref><ref name=Resultadosvidaycolor>[http://bibliodigitalibd.senado.gob.mx/bitstream/handle/123456789/3525/Presentacion_MMSI2016_Senado.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y "Resultados de vida y color de piel en México"], ''Biblioteca del senado de México'', July 3, 2017, Retrieved on December 30, 2018.</ref>

Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]]; and while during the colonial period, most European immigration was Spanish (mostly from northern provinces such as [[Cantabria]], [[Navarra]], [[Galicia Spain|Galicia]] and the [[Basque Country (autonomous community)|Basque Country]],<ref name="MinerosYcomerciantes">{{cite book |last1=Branding |first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYH_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT150 |title=Mineros y comerciantes en el México borbónico (1763–1810) |last2=Borah |first2=Woodrow |date=1975 |publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica |isbn=9789681613402 |page=150 |access-date=27 January 2018}}</ref>), in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries European and European-derived populations from [[North America|North]] and [[South America]] did immigrate to the country. According to twentieth- and twenty-first-century academics, large-scale intermixing between the [[Ethnic groups in Europe|European immigrants]] and the native [[Indigenous peoples of Mexico|Indigenous peoples]] produced a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the [[Mexican Revolution]].<ref name="fnavarrete">{{cite web |url= http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130823015618/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Izquierdo/BANCO/Mxmulticultural/Elmestizajeylasculturas-elmestizaje.html |archive-date= 23 August 2013 |title=El mestizaje y las culturas |first=Federico |last=Navarrete |work=México Multicultural |publisher=[[UNAM]] |location=Mexico |language=es |trans-title=Mixed race and cultures |access-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> However, according to church and censal registers from the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|colonial times]], the majority of Spanish men married Spanish women.<ref name="San Miguel 2000">{{cite journal |last1=San Miguel |first1=G |title=Ser mestizo en la nueva España a fines del siglo XVIII: Acatzingo, 1792 |trans-title=To be 'mestizo' in New Spain at the end of the XVIII th century. Acatzingo, 1792 |language=es |journal=Cuadernos de la Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy |date=November 2000 |issue=13 |pages=325–342 |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1668-81042000000100018 }}</ref><ref name="MexicoRacista1" /> Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite, as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities<ref name="EnsayospoblaciónMéxico">{{cite book|author1=Sherburne Friend Cook|author2=Woodrow Borah|title=Ensayos sobre historia de la población. México y el Caribe 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSCVztyTANcC&pg=PA223|access-date=12 September 2017|date=1998 |publisher=Siglo XXI|isbn=9789682301063|page=223}}</ref><ref>[https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:182427/datastream/PDF/view "Household Mobility and Persistence in Guadalajara, Mexico: 1811–1842, p. 62"], ''fsu org'', 8 December 2016. Retrieved on 9 December 2018.</ref> and there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.<ref name="San Miguel 2000" />

Another ethnic group in Mexico, the [[Mestizos in Mexico|Mestizos]], is composed of people with varying degrees of European and indigenous ancestry, with some showing a European genetic ancestry higher than 90%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Sijia |last2=Ray |first2=Nicolas |last3=Rojas |first3=Winston |last4=Parra |first4=Maria V. |last5=Bedoya |first5=Gabriel |last6=Gallo |first6=Carla |display-authors=etal |date=21 March 2008 |title=Geographic Patterns of Genome Admixture in Latin American Mestizos |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e1000037 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000037 |pmc=2265669 |pmid=18369456 |quote=Large differences in the variation of individual admixture estimates were seen across populations, with the variance in Native American ancestry between individuals ranging from 0.005 in Quetalmahue to 0.07 in Mexico City (Figure 4, Figure S1, and Table S2), an observation consistent with previous studies... |doi-access=free}}</ref> However, the criteria for defining what constitutes a Mestizo varies from study to study, as in Mexico a large number of White people have been historically classified as Mestizos, because after the [[Mexican Revolution]] the Mexican government began defining ethnicity on cultural standards (mainly the language spoken) rather than racial ones in an effort to unite all Mexicans under the same racial identity.<ref name="Lizcano Fernández 2005" />

Estimates of Mexico's White population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as the ''World Factbook'', which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations, calculate Mexico's White population as only 10% (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate).<ref name="MexicoRacista1">{{cite book|author1=Federico Navarrete|title=Mexico Racista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC_4CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=23 February 2018|date=2016|publisher=Penguin Random house Grupo Editorial Mexico|isbn=9786073143646|page=86}}</ref> other sources suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of [[blond hair]] as reference to classify a Mexican as White, the [[Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana|Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico]] calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23% within said institution.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortiz-Hernández |first1=Luis |last2=Compeán-Dardón |first2=Sandra |last3=Verde-Flota |first3=Elizabeth |last4=Flores-Martínez |first4=Maricela Nanet |title=Racism and mental health among university students in Mexico City |journal=Salud Pública de México |date=April 2011 |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=125–133 |doi=10.1590/s0036-36342011000200005 |pmid=21537803 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With a similar methodology, the [[American Sociological Association]] obtained a percentage of 18.8%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villarreal |first1=Andrés |title=Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico |journal=American Sociological Review |date=2010 |volume=75 |issue=5 |pages=652–678 |doi=10.1177/0003122410378232 |jstor=20799484 |s2cid=145295212 }}</ref> Another study made by the [[University College London]] in collaboration with Mexico's [[Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia|National Institute of Anthropology and History]] found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ruiz-Linares |first1=Andrés |last2=Adhikari |first2=Kaustubh |last3=Acuña-Alonzo |first3=Victor |last4=Quinto-Sanchez |first4=Mirsha |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Claudia |last6=Arias |first6=William |last7=Fuentes |first7=Macarena |last8=Pizarro |first8=María |last9=Everardo |first9=Paola |last10=de Avila |first10=Francisco |last11=Gómez-Valdés |first11=Jorge |last12=León-Mimila |first12=Paola |last13=Hunemeier |first13=Tábita |last14=Ramallo |first14=Virginia |last15=Silva de Cerqueira |first15=Caio C. |last16=Burley |first16=Mari-Wyn |last17=Konca |first17=Esra |last18=de Oliveira |first18=Marcelo Zagonel |last19=Veronez |first19=Mauricio Roberto |last20=Rubio-Codina |first20=Marta |last21=Attanasio |first21=Orazio |last22=Gibbon |first22=Sahra |last23=Ray |first23=Nicolas |last24=Gallo |first24=Carla |last25=Poletti |first25=Giovanni |last26=Rosique |first26=Javier |last27=Schuler-Faccini |first27=Lavinia |last28=Salzano |first28=Francisco M. |last29=Bortolini |first29=Maria-Cátira |last30=Canizales-Quinteros |first30=Samuel |last31=Rothhammer |first31=Francisco |last32=Bedoya |first32=Gabriel |last33=Balding |first33=David |last34=Gonzalez-José |first34=Rolando |title=Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=25 September 2014 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=e1004572 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572 |pmid=25254375 |pmc=4177621 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014PLOSG..10.4572R }}</ref>

A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City suggests that socioeconomic factors influence the frequency of [[Mongolian spot]]s among newborns, as evidenced by the higher prevalence of 85% in newborns from a public institution, typically associated with lower socioeconomic status, compared to a 33% prevalence in newborns from private hospitals, which generally cater to families with higher socioeconomic status.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Magaña |first1=Mario |last2=Valerio |first2=Julia |last3=Mateo |first3=Adriana |last4=Magaña-Lozano |first4=Mario |title=Alteraciones cutáneas del neonato en dos grupos de población de México |trans-title=Skin lesions two cohorts of newborns in Mexico City |language=es |journal=Boletín médico del Hospital Infantil de México |date=April 2005 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=117–122 |url=http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1665-11462005000200005 }}</ref> The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85-95%) in Native American, and African children, but can be present in some individuals in the Mediterranean populations.<ref>{{cite book|page=90|edition=3, illustrated|year=1999|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|author=Miller|title=Nursing Care of Older Adults: Theory and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nJ3pBEh1osMC&q=ines+mongolian+spot|isbn=0781720761}}</ref> The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American<ref name=med>{{cite journal|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1068732-overview#a0199|title=Congenital Dermal Melanocytosis (Mongolian Spot): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|date=7 January 2017|access-date=8 October 2017|website=EMedicine.medscape.com}}</ref> and Mexican children who are racially [[Mestizo]]s,<ref>{{cite book|page=197|year=2012|access-date=May 17, 2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|editor1=Lawrence C. Parish|editor2=Larry E. Millikan|others=M. Amer, R.A.C. Graham-Brown, S.N. Klaus, J.L. Pace|title=Global Dermatology: Diagnosis and Management According to Geography, Climate, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2JXwBwAAQBAJ&q=spanish+mongolian+spot&pg=PA197|isbn=978-1461226147}}</ref> while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in European children.<ref name=tokyo>{{cite web|url=http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|title=About Mongolian Spot|work=tokyo-med.ac.jp|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208184218/http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/msp/about.htm|archive-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[Mexican Social Security Institute]] (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.<ref>[http://archivo.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/822893.html "Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés"], ''El Universal'', January 2012. Retrieved on 3 July 2017.</ref>

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of [[Ethnic groups of Europe|white]] population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry.<ref name="UnitedStatesandMexico">{{cite book|author1=Howard F. Cline|title=THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybZVAAAAMAAJ&q=well+built|access-date=May 18, 2017|date=1963|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=9780674497061|page=104}}</ref>  In the north and west of Mexico the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller and unlike those found in central and southern Mexico they were mostly nomadic, therefore remaining isolated from colonial population centers, with hostilities between them and Mexican colonists often taking place.<ref name="MesoZac">[https://www.mesoweb.com/es/articulos/sub/Zacatecas.pdf "Nómadas y sedentarios, El pasado prehispánico de Zacatecas"], ''Mesoweb'', Mexico, page 10, retrieved on July 7, 2024.</ref> This eventually led the northeast region of the country to become the region with the highest proportion of whites during the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain|Spanish colonial period]] albeit recent migration waves have been changing its demographic trends.<ref name="Transición">[https://paradigmaeconomico.uaemex.mx/article/download/22617/16871/ "Transición migratoria y demográfica de México. Nuevos patrones"], page 17, retrieved on September 12, 2024.</ref> A number of settlements on which European immigrants have maintained their original culture and language survive to this day and are spread all over Mexican territory; among the most notable groups are the [[Mennonites]] who have colonies in states as variated as Chihuahua<ref name="insular">{{cite news |title= Mexico's insular Mennonites under siege, overlooked: The Tribune's Oscar Avila reports on Mexico's insular and targeted sect |first=Oscar |last=Avila |newspaper=McClatche-Tribune Business News |location=Washington |date=22 November 2008 |page=8 }}</ref> or Campeche<ref>[http://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/bloomberg-businessweek/menonitas-que-huyeron-de-chihuahua-ahora-alimentan-asia-desde-campeche "Menonitas que huyeron de Chihuahua ahora alimentan Asia desde Campeche"], {{lang|es|El Financiero}}, 1 March 2018. Retrieved on 8 December 2018.</ref> and the town of [[Chipilo]] in the state of Puebla, inhabited nearly in its totality by descendants of Italian immigrants that still speak their Venetian-derived dialect.<ref name="montagner">{{cite journal |last= Montagner Anguiano |first= Eduardo |title= El dialecto véneto de Chipilo |trans-title= The Venician dialect of Chipilo |journal= Orbis Latinus |language= es |access-date= 19 July 2011 |url= http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606110821/http://www.orbilat.com/Languages/Venetan/Dialects/Chipilo.html |archive-date= 6 June 2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

==== Nicaragua ====
{{See also|Demographics of Nicaragua}}

The ''World Factbook'' reports white people being 17% of the Nicaragua's population, with an additional 69% of the population being [[Mestizo]], which is described as mixed indigenous and white.<ref name=cia3>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nicaragua/ |work=The World Factbook |title=Nicaragua |access-date=22 May 2013 |publisher=U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] }}</ref> In the nineteenth century, [[Nicaragua]] was the subject of [[central Europe]]an immigration, mostly from [[Germany]], [[England]] and the [[United States]], who often married native Nicaraguan women. Some [[Germans]] were given land to grow coffee in [[Matagalpa]], [[Jinotega]] and [[Esteli]], although most Europeans settled in [[San Juan del Norte]].<ref>''Eddy Kuhl'' [http://selvanegra.com/eddy/?p=308 Inmigración centro-europea a Matagalpa, Nicaragua] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204133911/http://selvanegra.com/eddy/?p=308 |date=4 December 2014 }} Consultado, 5 December 2014.</ref> In the late seventeenth century, pirates from [[England]], [[France]] and [[Holland]] mixed with the indigenous population and started a settlement at Bluefields ([[Mosquito Coast]]).<ref>{{lang|es|Revista Vinculado}} [http://vinculando.org/articulos/sociedad_america_latina/nicaragua-historia-de-inmigrantes-de-donde-eran-y-porque-emigraron.html Nicaragua: historia de inmigrantes. De dónde eran y por qué emigraron] Retrieved, 5 December 2014.</ref>

==== Puerto Rico (U.S.)====
{{Main|White Puerto Ricans}}
{{See also|Puerto Ricans|Spanish settlement of Puerto Rico}}

[[Puerto Rico]] had a small stream of predominantly European immigration.<ref name="Census1899">{{cite web |title=Report on the Census of Porto Rico, 1899|date=20 July 2015 |url=https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|access-date=6 November 2017|url-status=live|website=Census.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720184053/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1899portorico.pdf|archive-date=20 July 2015 }}</ref> Puerto Ricans of [[Spaniards|Spanish]], [[Italians|Italian]] and French descent comprise the majority.
According to the most recent [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the number of people who identified as "White alone" was 536,044 with an additional non-Hispanic 24,548, for a total of 560,592 or 17.1% of the population.<ref>{{cite web |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census|website=Census.gov|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html|access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>

Previously in 1899, one year after the United States acquired the island, 61.8% or 589,426 people self-identified as White.<ref name="Census1899" /> One hundred years later (2000), the total increased to 80.5% or 3,064,862;<ref name="topuertorico.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/pdf/2kh72.pdf|title=Racial composition data for Puerto Rico: 2000 Census|website=Topuertorico.org|access-date=8 October 2017}}</ref> due to a change of race perceptions, mainly because of Puerto Rican elites to portray Puerto Rico's image as the "White island of the Antilles", partly as a response to scientific racism.<ref name=HPRBWHITE>[http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf How Puerto Rico Became White{{snd}}University of Wisconsin-Madison] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf |date=7 February 2012 }}. (PDF).</ref>

Hundreds are from [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|France]], [[Italian people|Italy]], [[Portuguese people|Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scottish people|Scotland]], and [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]], along with large numbers of immigrants from Spain. This was the result of granted land from Spain during the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' ([[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]), which allowed European Catholics to settle on the island with a certain amount of free land.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|''[[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rico]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 17.1%
| 560,592
| [[2020 United States census|2020]]<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url= https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html|title= Puerto Rico Population Declined 11.8% From 2010 to 2020 |website=census.gov|date=25 August 2021|access-date= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|}
Between 1960 and 1990, the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or color.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cde.wisc.edu/|title=Home|website=Center for Demography and Ecology}}</ref> Racial categories therefore disappeared from the dominant discourse on the Puerto Rican nation. However, the [[2000 United States Census|2000 census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico and, for the first time since 1950, allowed respondents to choose more than one racial category to indicate mixed ancestry. (Only 4.2% chose two or more races.) With few variations, the census of Puerto Rico used the same questionnaire as in the U.S. mainland. According to census reports, most islanders responded to the new federally mandated categories on race and ethnicity by declaring themselves "White"; few declared themselves to be Black or some other race.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/pub/eres/SOC217_PIMENTEL/duany.pdf Representation of racial identity among Island Puerto Ricans]. Mona.uwi.edu.</ref> However, it was estimated that 20% of White Puerto Ricans may have Black ancestry.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |title=What You Need to Know About Puerto Rico's Black History &#124; PushBlack Now |access-date=29 July 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729015340/https://www.pushblack.us/news/what-you-need-know-about-puerto-ricos-black-history |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Trinidad and Tobago ====
{{Main|White Trinidadians and Tobagonians}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:88%;"
|-
|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
| 0.7%
| –
| 2011<ref>[https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211618/https://guardian.co.tt/sites/default/files/story/2011_DemographicReport.pdf |date=19 October 2017 }} Ethnic Composition: "Caucasian '''0.6%''', Portuguese '''0.1%'''", Total: 0.7% (p. 15)</ref>
|}

==== United States ====
{{Main|White Americans}}
{{See also|Demographics of the United States|Definitions of whiteness in the United States|European Americans}}
[[File:US_White_Alone_in_2020.svg|thumb|Proportion of [[White Americans]] in each county in 2020]]

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
! colspan="6" text-align:center;"|White population – United States Census<ref name="census.gov">[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf Table 1. United States – Race and Hispanic Origin: 1790 to 1990 (pdf)]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118203928/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab01.pdf |date=18 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212043137/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_QTP3&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U&-CONTEXT=qt&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en |date=12 February 2020 }}. Factfinder.census.gov.</ref>
|-
! style="background:#efefef;" | Year
! style="background:#efefef;" | Population
! style="background:#efefef;" |% 
|-
| '''1790'''||{{0}}{{0}}3,172,006||80.7
|-
| '''1800'''||{{0}}{{0}}4,306,446||81.1
|-
| '''1850'''||{{0}}19,553,068||84.3
|-
| '''1900'''||{{0}}66,809,196||87.9
|-
| '''1940'''||118,214,870||89.8 ''(highest)''
|-
| '''1950'''||134,942,028||89.5
|-
| '''1980'''||188,371,622||83.1
|-
| '''2000'''||211,460,626||75.1<ref name="Wpop2000">[https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-4.pdf The White Population: 2000], Census 2000 Brief C2010BR-05., U.S. Census Bureau, September 2011.</ref>
|-
| '''2010'''||223,553,265||72.4<ref name="Wpop2010">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111005024244/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-05.pdf The White Population: 2010], Census 2010 Brief C2KBR/01-4, U.S. Census Bureau, August 2001.</ref><ref name="Census2020" />
|-
| '''2020'''|| 204,277,273 ||61.6<ref name="Census2020">[https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html Census 2020], retrieved 22 January 2023.</ref> ''(lowest)''
|}

The cultural boundaries separating [[White Americans]] from other racial or ethnic categories are contested and always changing. Professor [[David Roediger|David R. Roediger]] of the [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign|University of Illinois]], suggests that the construction of the White race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.<ref>Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, ''Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War'' (New York, 1998).</ref> By the eighteenth century, ''White'' had become well established as a racial term. Author John Tehranian has noted the changing classifications of immigrant ethnic groups in American history. At various times each of the following groups has been allegedly excluded from being considered White, despite generally having been considered legally White under the US census and US naturalization law:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1096&context=jpps |title=The 'Becoming White Thesis' Revisited |publisher=The Journal of Public and Professional Sociology  |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/03/22/sorry-but-the-irish-were-always-white-and-so-were-the-italians-jews-and-so-on/ |title=Sorry, but the Irish were always 'white' (and so were Italians, Jews and so on) |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |accessdate=2022-09-01}}</ref> [[German Americans|Germans]], [[Greek Americans|Greeks]], [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanics]], [[Arab Americans|Arabs]], [[Iranian Americans|Iranians]], [[Afghan Americans|Afghans]], [[Irish Americans|Irish]], [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[American Jews|Jews]] of [[History of the Jews in Europe|European]] and [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] descent, Slavs, and [[Spanish Americans|Spaniards]].<ref name=Tehranian /> On several occasions [[Finnish Americans|Finns]] were "racially" discriminated against in their early years of immigration<ref>{{cite book |last1=Holmio |first1=Armas K. E. |title=History of the Finns in Michigan |date=2001 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-4000-4 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xm4L4aHcqDQC&pg=PA17 |quote=She had barely reached the front porch when the friend's mother realized that her daughter's playmate was a Finn. Helmi was turned away immediately, and the daughter of the house was forbidden to associate with 'that Mongolian'. John Wargelin, a pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and a former president of Suomi College, also tells how, when he was a child in Crystal Falls some years earlier, he and his friends were ridiculed and stoned on their way to school. 'Because of our strange language,' he says, 'we were considered an alien race who had no right to settle in this country.' }}</ref> and not considered European but "Asian". Some believed that they were of [[Mongoloid|Mongolian]] ancestry rather than "native" [[Caucasoid|European]] origin due to the Finnish language belonging to the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] and not the Indo-European language family.<ref>Eric Dregni, ''Vikings in the Attic: In search of Nordic America'', p. 176.</ref>

During American history, the process of officially being defined as ''White'' by law often came about in court disputes over the pursuit of [[citizenship]]. The Immigration Act of 1790 offered [[naturalization]] only to "any alien, being a free white person". In at least 52&nbsp;cases, people denied the status of White by immigration officials sued in court for status as White people. By 1923, courts had vindicated a "common-knowledge" standard, concluding that "scientific evidence" was incoherent. Legal scholar John Tehranian says that this was a "performance-based" standard, relating to religious practices, education, intermarriage, and a community's role in the United States.<ref name=Tehranian>{{cite journal |last1=Tehranian |first1=John |title=Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America |journal=The Yale Law Journal |date=2000 |volume=109 |issue=4 |pages=817–848 |doi=10.2307/797505 |id={{ProQuest|198550989}} |jstor=797505 |url=https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/ylj/vol109/iss4/4/ }}</ref>

In 1923, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] decided in ''[[United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind]]'' that people of [[India]]n descent were not White men, and thus not eligible for citizenship.<ref name=Thind>''United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit'', No. 202. Argued 11, 12 January 1923. —Decided 19 February 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.</ref> While Thind was a high caste [[Hindu]] born in the northern [[Punjab region]] and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, the court conceded that he was not White or [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not at all with physical characteristics" and "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White people.<ref name=Thind /> In ''United States v. Cartozian'' (1925), an [[Armenians|Armenian]] immigrant successfully argued (and the Supreme Court agreed) that his nationality was White in contradistinction to other people of the Near East{{snd}}Kurds, Turks, and Arabs in particular{{snd}}on the basis of their Christian religious traditions.<ref name=Tehranian /> In conflicting rulings ''In re Hassan'' (1942) and ''Ex parte Mohriez'', United States District Courts found that Arabs did not, and did qualify as White, respectively, under immigration law.<ref name=Tehranian />

In the early twenty-first century, the relationship between some ethnic groups and whiteness remains complex. In particular, some [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] individuals both self-identify and are considered as part of the White American racial category, but others with the same ancestry feel they are not White and may not always be perceived as White by American society. The [[United States Census Bureau]] proposed but withdrew plans to add a new category for [[MENA|Middle Eastern and North African]] peoples in the [[2020 United States Census|U.S. Census 2020]]. Specialists disputed whether this classification should be considered a White ethnicity or a race.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/29/581541111/no-middle-eastern-or-north-african-category-on-2020-census-bureau-says|title=No Middle Eastern Or North African Category On 2020 Census, Bureau Says|publisher=NPR|date=29 January 2018|language=en|access-date=16 August 2019|last1=Wang|first1=Hansi Lo}}</ref> According to Frank Sweet, "various sources agree that, on average, people with 12 percent or less admixture appear White to the average American and those with up to 25 percent look ambiguous (with a Mediterranean skin tone)".<ref>Frank W Sweet, ''Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule'', Backintyme (3 July 2013), p. 50.</ref>

The current [[United States Census|U.S. Census]] definition includes as White "a person having origins in any of [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] or [[North Africa]]."<ref name="Wpop2010" /> The [[U.S. Department of Justice]]'s [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] describes White people as "having origins in any of the original peoples of [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]], or [[North Africa]] through racial categories used in the [[Uniform Crime Reports]] Program adopted from the ''Statistical Policy Handbook'' (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce."<ref name="FBIpop">[https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf ''Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook''], U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation, p. 97 (2004) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503055659/https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/handbook/ucrhandbook04.pdf |date=3 May 2015 }}</ref> The "White" category in the UCR includes non-black [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]].<ref>Anthony Walsh (2004). "''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vgHgNsmZ3vsC&pg=PA23 Race and crime: a biosocial analysis]''". [[Nova Publishers]]. p. 23. {{ISBN|1-59033-970-3}}</ref>

White Americans made up nearly 90% of the population in 1950.<ref name="census.gov" /> A report from the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2008 projects that by 2050, [[Non-Hispanic Whites|non-Hispanic White Americans]] will make up 47% of the population, down from 67% projected in 2005.<ref>Jeffrey S. Passel and D'Vera Cohn: [http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections ''U.S. Population Projections: 2005–2050.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103044422/http://pewresearch.org/pubs/729/united-states-population-projections |date=3 January 2010 }} Pew Research Center, 11 February 2008.</ref> According to a study on the genetic ancestry of Americans, White Americans (stated "European Americans") on average are 98.6% European, 0.2% African and 0.2% Native American.<ref name=23andme>{{cite bioRxiv| last1=Bryc | first1=Katarzyna | last2=Durand | first2=Eric Y. | last3=Macpherson | first3=J. Michael | last4=Reich | first4=David | last5=Mountain | first5=Joanna L. | title=The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States | date=18 September 2014 | biorxiv=10.1101/009340}}. [http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/suppl/2014/09/18/009340.DC1/009340-1.pdf "Supplemental Tables and Figures"]. p.&nbsp;42. 18 September 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2015.</ref> Whites born in those [[Southern United States|Southern states]] with higher proportions of African-American populations, tend to have higher percentages of African ancestry. For instance, according to the [[23andMe]] database, up to 13% of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1% African ancestry.<ref name=23andme /> White persons born in [[Southern United States|Southern states]] with the highest African-American populations tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.<ref name="Hadly">Scott Hadly, "Hidden African Ancestry Redux", ''[http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ DNA USA*] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322002312/http://blog.23andme.com/23andme-research/dna-usa-2/ |date=22 March 2015 }}'', [[23andMe]], 4 March 2014.</ref> Robert P. Stuckert, member of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at [[Ohio State University]], has said that today the majority of the descendants of African slaves are White.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stuckert |first1=Robert P. |title=African Ancestry of the White American Population |journal=The Ohio Journal of Science |date=May 1958 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=155–160 |hdl=1811/4532 }}</ref>

Black author [[Rich Benjamin]], in his book, ''[[Searching for Whitopia|Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America]]'', reveals how racial divides and White decline, both real and perceived, shape democratic and economic urgencies in America.<ref>{{cite news |last1=NPR |title=What Is A 'Whitopia' – And What Might It Mean To Live There? |url=https://www.npr.org/2015/11/20/455909004/what-is-a-whitopia-and-what-might-it-mean-to-live-there |access-date=1 December 2020 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> The book examines how White flight, and the fear of White decline, affects the country's political debates and policy-making, including housing, lifestyle, social psychology, gun control,<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Benjamin |first1=Rich |title="Gun Control and The Politics of White Paranoia" |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/gun-control-white-paranoia-and-the-death-of-martin-luther-king-jr |access-date=1 December 2020 |magazine=The New Yorker |date=14 April 2018}}</ref> and community. Benjamin says that such issues as fiscal policy or immigration or "Best Place to Live" lists, which might be considered race-neutral, are also defined by racial anxiety over perceived White decline.

==== One-drop rule ====
{{further|One-drop rule|Racial segregation}}
The "[[one-drop rule]]" – that a person with any amount of known black African ancestry (however small or invisible) is considered black – is a classification that was used in parts of the United States.<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~albest/misc/OneDropOfBlood.html ''One drop of blood'']. People.vcu.edu (24 July 1994).</ref> It is a colloquial term for a set of laws passed by 18 U.S. states between 1910 and 1931. Such laws were declared unconstitutional in 1967 when the Supreme Court ruled on [[anti-miscegenation laws]] while hearing ''[[Loving v. Virginia]]''; it also found that [[Racial Integrity Act of 1924|Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924]], based on enforcing the one-drop rule in classifying vital records, was unconstitutional. The one-drop rule attempted to create a binary system, classifying all persons as either Black or White regardless of a person's physical appearance. Previously persons had sometimes been classified as mulatto or [[mixed-race]], including on censuses up to 1930. They were also recorded as Indian. Some people with a high proportion of European ancestry could [[Passing (racial identity)|pass as]] "White", as noted above. This binary approach contrasts with the more flexible social structures present in Latin America (derived from the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonial]] era {{lang|es|[[casta]]}} system), where there were less clear-cut divisions between various ethnicities. People are often classified not only by their appearance but by their class.

As a result of centuries of having children with White people, the majority of African Americans have some European admixture,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |first1=Katarzyna |last1=Bryc |first2=Adam |last2=Auton |first3=Matthew R. |last3=Nelson |first4=Jorge R. |last4=Oksenberg |first5=Stephen L. |last5=Hauser |first6=Scott |last6=Williams |first7=Alain |last7=Froment |first8=Jean-Marie |last8=Bodo |first9=Charles |last9=Wambebe |first10=Sarah A. |last10=Tishkoff |first11=Carlos D. |last11=Bustamante |date=2009 |volume=107 |number=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |display-authors=etal|bibcode= 2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref> and many people long accepted as White also have some African ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |first1=Mark D. |last1=Shriver |display-authors=etal |title=Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping |journal=Human Genetics |date=2003 |volume=112 |pages=387–399 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0896-y |pmid=12579416 |issue=4 |s2cid=7877572 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415112141/http://dl.dropbox.com/u/38568440/admixture/shriver01.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |title=Afro-European Genetic Admixture in the United States: Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule |author=Frank W Sweet |date=2004 |access-date=11 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221105552/http://essays.backintyme.com/item/5 |archive-date=21 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Among the most notable examples of the latter is President [[Barack Obama]], who is believed to have been descended from an early African enslaved in America, recorded as "John Punch", through his mother's apparently White line.<ref name="goldstein">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/post/obama-descended-from-slave-ancestor-researchers-say/2012/07/30/gJQAUw4BLX_blog.html|title=Obama descended from slave ancestor |last=Goldstein |first=Bonnie| newspaper=The Washington Post| date=30 July 2012|access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref>

In the twenty-first century, writer and editor [[Debra Dickerson]] renewed questions about the one-drop rule, saying that "easily one-third of black people have White DNA".<ref>Debra J. Dickerson: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pcFz4r3ErQkC&q=The+End+of+Blackness%27%27+by+Debra+Dickerson ''The End of Blackness. Returning the Souls of Black Folk to Their Rightful Owners'']. Anchor Books, New York and Toronto, 2005.</ref> She says that, in ignoring their European ancestry, African Americans are denying their full [[multi-racial]] identities. Singer [[Mariah Carey]], who is multi-racial, was publicly described as "another White girl trying to sing black". But in an interview with [[Larry King]], she said that, despite her physical appearance and having been raised primarily by her White mother, she did not "feel White".<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n5_v46/ai_10405332 Mariah Carey: 'Not another White girl trying to sing Black.']. Findarticles.com.</ref><ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0212/19/lkl.00.html Larry King interview with Mariah Carey]. Transcripts.cnn.com (19 December 2002).</ref>

Since the late twentieth century, [[genetic testing]] has provided many Americans, both those who identify as White and those who identify as black, with more nuanced and complex information about their genetic backgrounds.<ref>Cf. Jim Wooten, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803055203/http://abcnews.go.com/sections/Nightline/SciTech/racial_identity_031228.html "Race Reversal Man Lives as 'Black' for 50 Years – Then Finds Out He's Probably Not"], [[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] (2004).</ref>

====Other Caribbean====
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 88%"
|-
|[[White Caymanians|Cayman Islands]]
| 21.4%
| 17,450
| 2022<ref name="ref1">{{cite web |title=Fall 2022 Labour Force Survey |url=https://www.eso.ky/UserFiles/page_docums/files/uploads/the_cayman_islands_labour_force_survey_r-16.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands|US Virgin Islands]]'' ''([[United States|US]])''
| 13.3%
| 11,584
| 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Virgin Islands Summary File |website= data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url= https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALCROSSTABVI2020.CT1?d=DECIA%20U.S.%20Virgin%20Islands%20Detailed%20Crosstabulations |accessdate= 21 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks and Caicos]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 7.9%
| 1,560
| 2001<ref>[http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/TCI.pdf Turks and Caicos 2001 Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005537/http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Publications/NCR%20Reports/TCI.pdf |date=5 February 2018 }} (p. 22)</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of the British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 5.4%
| 1,511
| 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/BVI/VGB-2016-09-08.pdf|title=Virgin Islands 2010 Population and Housing Census Report|website=unstats.un.org|page=57|accessdate= May 22, 2024}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Bahamas]]
| 5.0%
| 16,600
| 2010<ref>[http://www.soencouragement.org/forms/CENSUS2010084903300.pdf Bahamas 2010 census Total Population by Sex, Age Group and Racial Group] "In 1722 when the first official census of The Bahamas was taken, 74% of the population was white and 26% black. Three centuries later, and according to the 99% response rate obtained from the race question on the 2010 Census questionnaire, 91% of the population identified themselves as being black, five percent (5%) white and two percent (2%) of a mixed race (black and white) and (1%) other races and (1%) not stated." (pp. 10, 82)</ref>
|-
|''[[Demographics of Anguilla|Anguilla]]'' ''([[United Kingdom|UK]])''
| 3.2%
| 430
| 2011<ref>[http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html Anguilla Population and Housing Census (AP&HC) 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521021835/http://www.anguillanews.com/enews/index.php/permalink/4936.html |date=21 May 2015 }} Who are we? – Ethnic Composition and Religious Affiliation.</ref>
|-
|[[Barbadians|Barbados]]
| 2.7%
| 6,140
| 2010<ref>[http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf Barbados – 2010 Population and Housing Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118220332/http://www.barstats.gov.bb/files/documents/PHC_2010_Census_Volume_1.pdf |date=18 January 2017 }} Table 02.03: Population by Sex, Age Group and Ethnic Origin (pp. 51–54)</ref>
|-
|[[Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent]]
| 1.4%
| 1,480
| 2001<ref>[http://www.stats.gov.vc/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jSipdTnsXwM%3d&tabid=60 Population, Demographic Characteristics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195540/http://www.stats.gov.vc/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=jSipdTnsXwM%3D&tabid=60 |date=11 September 2018 }} Population by Ethnic Groups (pp. 16–17) 1.4% white (608 "Portuguese" and 870 other "white").</ref>
|-
|[[White Dominicans (Dominica)|Dominica]]
| 0.8%
| 586
| 2013<ref name="cia7">{{cite web |title=CIA - The World Factbook -- Dominica |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominica/ |access-date=2013-06-05 |publisher=CIA}}</ref>
|-
|[[White Jamaicans|Jamaica]]
| 0.2%
| 4,365
| 2011<ref name="cenc">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/digjamaica/docs/1_pdfsam_general_report_census_2011|title=1_pdfsam_General Report Census 2011 by diG Jamaica – Issuu|date=18 October 2012|website=issuu.com}}</ref>
|}