Editing Wheat (section)

=== Diseases ===

{{main|Wheat diseases|List of wheat diseases}}

[[File:CSIRO ScienceImage 10772 Rustaffected wheat seedlings.jpg|thumb|upright|Rust-affected wheat seedlings]]

There are many wheat diseases, mainly caused by fungi, bacteria, and [[viruses]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abhishek |first=Aditya |date=11 January 2021 |title=Disease of Wheat: Get To Know Everything About Wheat Diseases |url=https://agriculturereview.com/2021/01/disease-of-wheat-symptoms-and-management.html |access-date=29 January 2021 |website=Agriculture Review |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124121141/https://agriculturereview.com/2021/01/disease-of-wheat-symptoms-and-management.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[transgenic plant|Plant breeding]] to develop new disease-resistant varieties, and sound crop management practices are important for preventing disease. Fungicides, used to prevent the significant crop losses from fungal disease, can be a significant variable cost in wheat production. Estimates of the amount of wheat production lost owing to plant diseases vary between 10 and 25% in Missouri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/crops/g04319.htm |title=G4319 Wheat Diseases in Missouri, MU Extension |publisher= University of Missouri Extension |access-date=18 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227045640/http://muextension.missouri.edu/explore/agguides/crops/g04319.htm |archive-date=27 February 2007 }}</ref> A wide range of organisms infect wheat, of which the most important are viruses and fungi.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Hogan |first=C. Michael |chapter=Wheat |year=2013 |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/51cbf3547896bb431f6ac8f3/?topic=51cbfc77f702fc2ba8129ab9 |editor-last=Saundry |editor-first=P. |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |location=Washington DC}}</ref>

The main wheat-disease categories are:

* Seed-borne diseases: these include seed-borne scab, seed-borne ''[[Stagonospora]]'' (previously known as ''Septoria''), [[common bunt]] (stinking smut), and [[loose smut]]. These are managed with [[fungicide]]s.<ref name="Singh-2023"/>
* Leaf- and head- [[blight]] diseases: Powdery mildew, [[Wheat leaf rust|leaf rust]], ''[[Septoria tritici]]'' leaf blotch, ''Stagonospora'' (''Septoria'') nodorum leaf and glume blotch, and ''[[Fusarium]]'' head scab.<ref name="Singh-2023"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gautam |first1=P. |last2=Dill-Macky |first2=R. |s2cid=16596348 |year=2012 |title=Impact of moisture, host genetics and ''Fusarium graminearum'' isolates on Fusarium head blight development and trichothecene accumulation in spring wheat |journal=Mycotoxin Research |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=45–58 |doi=10.1007/s12550-011-0115-6 |pmid=23605982 }}</ref>
* Crown and [[root rot]] diseases: Two of the more important of these are '[[take-all]]' and ''[[Cephalosporium gramineum|Cephalosporium]]'' stripe. Both of these diseases are soil borne.<ref name="Singh-2023"/>
* [[Stem rust]] diseases: Caused by ''Puccinia graminis'' f. sp. ''tritici'' (basidiomycete) fungi e.g. [[Ug99]]<ref name="Singh-2008">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Ravi P. |author2=Hodson, David |author3=Huerta-Espino, Julio |author4=Jin, Yue |author5=Njau, Peter |author6=Wanyera, Ruth |author7=Herrera-Foessel, Sybil |author8=Ward, Richard W. |title=Will Stem Rust Destroy the World's Wheat Crop? |series=Advances in Agronomy |display-authors=5 |year=2008 |volume=98 |pages=272–309 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(08)00205-8 |url=https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=36520&content=PDF |isbn=9780123743558 |access-date=4 October 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108063602/https://naldc-legacy.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=36520&content=PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Wheat blast]]: Caused by ''Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum''.<ref name="Kumar-2020">{{ Cite book |date=2020 |edition=1 |publication-place=[[Boca Raton, FL|Boca Raton, Florida]] |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |first3=Gyanendra |first2=Prem |first1=Sudheer |last3=Singh |last2=Kashyap |last1=Kumar |editor-first1=Sudheer |editor-first2=Prem Lal |editor-first3=Gyanendra Pratap |editor-last1=Kumar |editor-last2=Kashyap |editor-last3=Singh |oclc=1150902336 |doi=10.1201/9780429470554 |isbn=978-0-429-47055-4 |title=Wheat Blast |s2cid=235049332 |page=70}}</ref>
* Viral diseases: [[Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus|Wheat spindle streak mosaic]] (yellow mosaic) and [[barley yellow dwarf]] are the two most common viral diseases. Control can be achieved by using resistant varieties.<ref name="Singh-2023">{{cite journal |doi=10.3389/fpls.2022.1010191 |doi-access=free |title=Important wheat diseases in the US and their management in the 21st century |date=2023 |last1=Singh |first1=Jagdeep |last2=Chhabra |first2=Bhavit |last3=Raza |first3=Ali |last4=Yang |first4=Seung Hwan |last5=Sandhu |first5=Karansher S. |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=13 |pmid=36714765 |pmc=9877539 }}</ref>

A historically significant disease of cereals including wheat, though commoner in [[rye]] is [[ergot]]; it is unusual among plant diseases in also causing sickness in humans who ate grain contaminated with the fungus involved, ''[[Claviceps purpurea]]''.<ref name="Harveson-2017">{{Cite web |last=Harveson |first=Bob |date=2017-08-17 |title=Has Ergot Altered Events in World History? |url=https://cropwatch.unl.edu/2017/has-ergot-altered-events-world-history |website=Cropwatch |publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] }}</ref>