Editing Vulgar Latin (section)

=== Lexical turnover ===
Over the centuries, spoken Latin lost certain words in favour of [[Neologism|coinages]]; in favour of borrowings from neighbouring languages such as [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]], [[Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]], or [[Ancient Greek|Greek]]; or in favour of other Latin words that had undergone [[semantic shift]]. The “lost” words often continued to enjoy some currency in [[literary language|literary]] Latin, however.

A commonly-cited example is the replacement of the highly irregular ([[suppletion|suppletive]]) verb [[wiktionary:fero#Latin|''ferre'']], meaning 'to carry', with the entirely regular [[wiktionary:porto#Latin|''portare'']].<ref>Alkire & Rosen 2010: 287</ref> Similarly, the verb ''[[wiktionary:loquor#Latin|loqui]]'', meaning 'to speak', was replaced by a variety of alternatives such as the native ''[[wiktionary:fabulor#Latin|fabulari]]'' and ''[[wiktionary:narro#Latin|narrare]]'' or the Greek borrowing ''[[wiktionary:parabolo#Latin|parabolare]]''.<ref>Herman 2000: 2</ref>

Classical Latin [[Grammatical particle|particles]] fared poorly, with all of the following vanishing in the course of its development to Romance: [[wiktionary:an#Latin|an]], [[wiktionary:at#Latin|at]], [[wiktionary:autem#Latin|autem]], [[wiktionary:donec#Latin|donec]], [[wiktionary:enim#Latin|enim]], [[wiktionary:etiam#Latin|etiam]], [[wiktionary:haud#Latin|haud]], [[wiktionary:igitur#Latin|igitur]], [[wiktionary:ita#Latin|ita]], [[wiktionary:nam#Latin|nam]], [[wiktionary:postquam#Latin|postquam]], [[wiktionary:quidem#Latin|quidem]], [[wiktionary:quin#Latin|quin]], [[wiktionary:quoad#Latin|quoad]], [[wiktionary:quoque#Latin|quoque]], [[wiktionary:sed#Latin|sed]], [[wiktionary:sive#Latin|sive]], [[wiktionary:utrum#Latin|utrum]], [[wiktionary:vel#Latin|vel]].<ref>Harrington et al. 1997: 11</ref>