Editing Ukrainian language (section)

===Dialects===
{{Main|Ukrainian dialects}}
[[File:Map of Ukrainian dialects en.png|thumb|A map of Ukrainian dialects and subdialects (2005)
{{legend|#5987FF|Northern group}}{{legend|#FFD326|South-eastern group}}{{legend|#FF4E44|South-western group}}
]]

Several modern [[dialect]]s of Ukrainian exist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um156.htm |title=Діалект. Діалектизм. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101043729/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um156.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um184.htm |title=Інтерактивна мапа говорів. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=19 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219120041/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um184.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{em|Northern (Polissian)}} dialects:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um161.htm |title=Північне наріччя. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132806/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um161.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(3) Eastern Polissian}} is spoken in [[Chernihiv oblast|Chernihiv]] (excluding the southeastern districts), in the northern part of [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]], and in the southeastern portion of the [[Kyiv Oblast]] as well as in the adjacent areas of Russia, which include the southwestern part of the [[Bryansk Oblast]] (the area around [[Starodub]]), as well as in some places in the [[Kursk Oblast|Kursk]], [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]] and [[Belgorod Oblast|Belgorod]] Oblasts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um155.ht |title=ІЗБОРНИК. Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації. Нульова сторінка |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132825/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um155.ht |url-status=live }}</ref> No linguistic border can be defined. The vocabulary approaches Russian as the language approaches the Russian Federation. Both Ukrainian and Russian grammar sets can be applied to this dialect.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnology.ru/doc/narod/t1/gif/nrd-t1_0151z.gif |title=map |date= |website=www.ethnology.ru |access-date=27 December 2005 |archive-date=9 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909083130/http://www.ethnology.ru/doc/narod/t1/gif/nrd-t1_0151z.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(2) Central Polissian}} is spoken in the northwestern part of the [[Kyiv Oblast]], in the northern part of [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]] and the northeastern part of the [[Rivne Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um167.htm |title=Середньополіський говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132851/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um167.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(1) West Polissian}} is spoken in the northern part of the [[Volyn Oblast]], the northwestern part of the [[Rivne Oblast]], and in the adjacent districts of the [[Brest Region]] in Belarus. The dialect spoken in Belarus uses Belarusian grammar and thus is considered by some to be a dialect of Belarusian.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belarusguide.com/as/map_text/havorki.html |title=Maps of Belarus: Dialects on Belarusian territory |publisher=Belarusguide.com |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=22 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522181734/http://www.belarusguide.com/as/map_text/havorki.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{em|Southeastern}} dialects:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um160.htm |title=Південно-східне наріччя. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132739/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um160.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(4) Middle Dnieprian}} is the basis of the [[Standard language|Standard]] Literary Ukrainian. It is spoken in the central part of Ukraine, primarily in the southern and eastern part of the [[Kyiv Oblast]]. In addition, the dialects spoken in [[Cherkasy Oblast|Cherkasy]], [[Poltava Oblast|Poltava]], and Kyiv regions are considered to be close to "standard" Ukrainian.
** {{em|(5) Slobodan}} is spoken in [[Kharkiv Oblast|Kharkiv]], [[Sumy Oblast|Sumy]], [[Luhansk Oblast|Luhansk]], and the northern part of [[Donetsk Oblast|Donetsk]], as well as in the [[Voronezh Oblast|Voronezh]] and [[Belgorod Oblast|Belgorod]] regions of Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um169.htm |title=Слобожанський говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132814/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um169.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This dialect is formed from a gradual mixture of Russian and Ukrainian, with progressively more Russian in the northern and eastern parts of the region. Thus, there is no linguistic border between Russian and Ukrainian, and, thus, both grammar sets can be applied.<ref name="autogenerated1" />
** A {{em|(6) Steppe}} dialect is spoken in southern and southeastern Ukraine. This dialect was originally the main language of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um171.htm |title=Степовий говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101111035/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um171.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** A {{em|Kuban}} dialect related to or based on the Steppe dialect is often referred to as ''[[Balachka]]'' and is spoken by the [[Kuban Cossacks]] in the [[Kuban]] region in Russia by the descendants of the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]], who settled in that area in the late 18th century. It was formed from a gradual mixture of Russian into Ukrainian. This dialect features the use of some Russian vocabulary along with some Russian grammar.<ref name="Zakharchenko">Viktor Zakharchenko, Folk songs of the Kuban, 1997 {{cite web |url=http://geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm |title=Oocities.com |access-date=2005-02-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226230010/http://geocities.com/terek_kaz/pesni/peskub.htm |archive-date=26 February 2005 }}, Retrieved 7 November 2007</ref> There are three main variants, which have been grouped together according to location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://harazd.net/~nadbuhom/mapy-historia/mapy_8.htm |title=Mapa ukrajinskich howoriv |publisher=Harazd.net |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=4 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404085334/http://harazd.net/~nadbuhom/mapy-historia/mapy_8.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* {{em|Southwestern}} dialects:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um159.htm |title=Південно-західне наріччя. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207143836/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um159.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(13) Boyko}} is spoken by the [[Boyko|Boyko people]] on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains in the [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]] and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]] Oblasts. It can also be heard across the border in the [[Subcarpathian Voivodeship]] of Poland.<!--Distinctive Features-->
** {{em|(12) Hutsul}} is spoken by the [[Hutsuls|Hutsul people]] on the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in the extreme southern parts of the [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]], and in parts of the [[Chernivtsi Oblast|Chernivtsi]] and [[Transcarpathian Oblast|Transcarpathian]] Oblasts.<!--Distinctive Features-->
** {{em|Lemko}} is spoken by the [[Lemkos|Lemko people]], whose [[Lemkivshchyna|homeland]] rests outside the borders of Ukraine in the [[Prešov Region]] of [[Slovakia]] along the southern side of the Carpathian Mountains, and in the southeast of modern Poland, along the northern sides of the Carpathians.<!--Distinctive Features-->
** {{em|(8) Podillian}} is spoken in the southern parts of the [[Vinnytsia Oblast|Vinnytsia]] and [[Khmelnytskyi Oblast|Khmelnytskyi]] Oblasts, in the northern part of the [[Odesa Oblast]], and in the adjacent districts of the [[Cherkasy Oblast]], the [[Kirovohrad Oblast]], and the [[Mykolaiv Oblast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um180.htm |title=Подільський говір. Українська мова. Енциклопедія |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101111012/http://litopys.org.ua/ukrmova/um180.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(7) Volynian}} is spoken in [[Rivne Oblast|Rivne]] and [[Volyn Oblast|Volyn]], as well as in parts of [[Zhytomyr Oblast|Zhytomyr]] and [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]]. It is also used in [[Chełm]], Poland.
** {{em|(11) Pokuttia (Bukovinian)}} is spoken in the [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] of Ukraine. This dialect has some distinct vocabulary borrowed from [[Romanian language|Romanian]].
** {{em|(9) Upper Dniestrian}} (Kresy) is considered to be the main Galician dialect, spoken in the [[Lviv Oblast|Lviv]], [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil]], and [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast|Ivano-Frankivsk]] Oblasts. Its distinguishing characteristics are the influence of Polish and the German vocabulary, which is reminiscent of the [[Austro-Hungarian]] rule. Some of the distinct words used in this dialect can be found here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36-1texts/gwara.htm |title=Короткий словник львівської ґвари |publisher=Ji.lviv.ua |access-date=2012-05-22 |archive-date=23 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123112532/http://www.ji.lviv.ua/n36-1texts/gwara.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
** {{em|(10) Upper Sannian}} is spoken in the border area between Ukraine and Poland in the San river valley.
* The {{em|[[Rusyn language]]}} is considered by Ukrainian linguists to be a dialect of Ukrainian as well:<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Petr |last1=Kokaisl |first2=Andrea |last2=Štolfová |first3=Pavla |last3=Fajfrlíková |first4=Veronika |last4=Němcová |first5=Jana |last5=Zychová |first6=Irena |last6=Cejpová |display-authors=et al. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bSvEAAAQBAJ&dq=Officially,+state+officials+consider+Rusyn+to+be+just+one+of+many+dialects+of+Ukrainian,+the+so-called+Transcarpathian+dialect.&pg=PA57 |title=In the footsteps of the Rusyns in Europe: Ukraine, Slovakia, Serbia, Poland and Hungary |date=2023-01-11 |publisher=NOSTALGIE Praha |isbn=978-80-908883-0-2 |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref>
** {{em|Dolinian Rusyn or Subcarpathian Rusyn}} is spoken in the [[Transcarpathian Oblast]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}<!--Distinctive Features-->
** {{em|[[Pannonian Rusyn language|Pannonian or Bačka Rusyn]]}} is spoken in northwestern [[Serbia]] and eastern [[Croatia]]. [[Rusin language]] of the Bačka dialect is one of the official languages of the Serbian Autonomous Province of [[Vojvodina]].{{cn|date=June 2024}}
** {{em|Pryashiv Rusyn}} is the Rusyn spoken in the Prešov (in Ukrainian: [[Pryashiv]]) region of Slovakia, as well as by some émigré communities, primarily in the United States of America.{{cn|date=June 2024}}