Editing Transphobia (section)

===United States military===
Strong associations between [[military sexual assault]] (MSA) and PTSD have been documented in both men and women.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Military sexual trauma|last1=Hyun|first1=J.K.|last2=Kimerling|first2=R.|date=2009|journal=Research Quarterly}}</ref> A nationwide survey of military personnel in 2015 found that 17.2% of transgender [[veteran]]s reported experiencing MSA, and nearly two times more [[Trans man|transgender men]] (30%) had a MSA experience when compared to [[Trans woman|transgender women]] (15.2%). Links have been found between MSA experienced by transgender veterans and increased depression symptom severity, drug use, and PTSD symptom severity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Beckman|first1=Kerry|last2=Shipherd|first2=Jillian|last3=Simpson|first3=Tracy|last4=Lehavot|first4=Keren|date=30 March 2018|title=Military Sexual Assault in Transgender Veterans: Results From a Nationwide Survey|journal=Journal of Traumatic Stress|volume=31|issue=2|pages=181–190|doi=10.1002/jts.22280|pmid=29603392|pmc=6709681|issn=0894-9867}}</ref>

Posttraumatic stress disorder has also been associated with suicidality and substance use among adults.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Blanco|first1=Carlos|last2=Xu|first2=Yang|last3=Brady|first3=Kathleen|last4=Pérez-Fuentes|first4=Gabriela|last5=Okuda|first5=Mayumi|last6=Wang|first6=Shuai|date=2013|title=Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder with alcohol dependence among US adults: Results from National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|volume=132|issue=3|pages=630–638|doi=10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.016|pmid=23702490|pmc=3770804|issn=0376-8716}}</ref> For instance, records reflect that veterans who identify as transgender increasingly experience PTSD and [[Suicidal ideation|suicide ideation]], plans, and attempts. Further, transgender specific stigma experienced while in the military and PTSD have been associated with deaths by suicide.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lehavot|first1=Keren|last2=Simpson|first2=Tracy L.|last3=Shipherd|first3=Jillian C.|date=15 February 2016|title=Factors Associated with Suicidality Among a National Sample of Transgender Veterans|journal=Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior|volume=46|issue=5|pages=507–524|doi=10.1111/sltb.12233|pmid=26878597|issn=0363-0234}}</ref>

This could be worsened by racial health disparities that exist within the [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs]] (VA) Healthcare System.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carter|first1=Andrea|last2=Borrero|first2=Sonya|last3=Wessel|first3=Charles|last4=Washington|first4=Donna L.|last5=Bean-Mayberry|first5=Bevanne|last6=Corbelli|first6=Jennifer|last7=Batch|first7=Bryan C.|last8=Breland|first8=Jessica Y.|last9=DiLeone|first9=Brooke|last10=Foynes|first10=Melissa Ming|last11=Keene|first11=Robin|date=2016|title=Racial and Ethnic Health Care Disparities Among Women in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System: A Systematic Review|journal=Women's Health Issues|volume=26|issue=4|pages=401–409|doi=10.1016/j.whi.2016.03.009|pmid=27138241|issn=1049-3867}}</ref> Particularly, racial health disparities between non-Hispanic Black transgender veterans (BTV) and non-Hispanic White transgender veterans (WTV) have been acknowledged. Non-Hispanic Black transgender veterans are at increased odds of having an array of physical health issues/diseases, serious mental illnesses, alcohol use, tobacco use, homelessness, and previous [[Imprisonment|incarceration]] when compared to the WTV. Non-Hispanic White transgender veterans had increased odds of depression, obesity, and [[hypercholesterolemia]] when compared to BTV.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=George R.|last2=Jones|first2=Kenneth T.|date=16 July 2014|title=Racial Health Disparities in a Cohort of 5,135 Transgender Veterans|journal=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities|volume=1|issue=4|pages=257–266|doi=10.1007/s40615-014-0032-4|issn=2197-3792|doi-access=free}}</ref> Previous incarceration plays a larger role in the PTSD and homelessness that transgender veterans may experience. Specifically, transgender veterans that have a history of previous incarceration are more likely to have PTSD or to experience homelessness when compared to previously incarcerated veterans who are not transgender.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brown|first1=George R.|last2=Jones|first2=Kenneth T.|date=2015|title=Health Correlates of Criminal Justice Involvement in 4,793 Transgender Veterans|journal=LGBT Health|volume=2|issue=4|pages=297–305|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2015.0052|pmid=26788770|issn=2325-8292}}</ref>