Editing Surgery (section)

===Early modern Europe===
[[File:Augenoperation 1195.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Illuminated miniature]] of 12th-century eye surgery in Italy]]
[[File:Ambroise Paré 1573.jpg|thumb|160px|Ambroise Paré (c. 1510–1590), father of modern military surgery.]]
In [[Europe]], the demand grew for surgeons to formally study for many years before practicing; universities such as [[University of Montpellier|Montpellier]], [[University of Padua|Padua]] and [[University of Bologna|Bologna]] were particularly renowned. In the 12th century, [[Rogerius (physician)|Rogerius Salernitanus]] composed his ''Chirurgia'', laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals. [[Barber surgeon|Barber-surgeons]] generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a specialty of medicine, rather than an accessory field.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Himmelmann L | title = [From barber to surgeon- the process of professionalization] | journal = Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 69–87 | year = 2007 | pmid = 18548946 }}</ref> Basic surgical principles for asepsis etc., are known as [[Halsteads principles]].

There were some important advances to the art of surgery during this period. The professor of anatomy at the [[University of Padua]], [[Andreas Vesalius]], was a pivotal figure in the [[Renaissance]] transition from classical medicine and anatomy based on the works of [[Galen]], to an empirical approach of 'hands-on' dissection. In his anatomic treaties ''[[De humani corporis fabrica]]'', he exposed the many anatomical errors in Galen and advocated that all surgeons should train by engaging in practical dissections themselves.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The second figure of importance in this era was [[Ambroise Paré]] (sometimes spelled "Ambrose"<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Levine JM | title = Historical notes on pressure ulcers: the cure of Ambrose Paré | journal = Decubitus | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 23–4, 26 | date = March 1992 | pmid = 1558689 }}</ref>), a French army surgeon from the 1530s until his death in 1590. The practice for cauterizing gunshot wounds on the battlefield had been to use boiling oil; an extremely dangerous and painful procedure. Paré began to employ a less irritating emollient, made of [[egg yolk]], [[rose oil]] and [[turpentine]]. He also described more efficient techniques for the effective [[ligature (medicine)|ligation]] of the [[blood vessel]]s during an [[amputation]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}