Editing Sievert (section)

===Dose rate examples===
All conversions between hours and years have assumed continuous presence in a steady field, disregarding known fluctuations, intermittent exposure and [[radioactive decay]]. Converted values are shown in parentheses. "/a" is "per annum", which means per year. "/h" means "per hour".
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| style="text-align:right;"| <1 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| <100 || {{nowrap|nSv/h}} || Steady dose rates below 100 nSv/h are difficult to measure.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
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| style="text-align:right;"| 1 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| (100 || {{nowrap|nSv/h avg)}} || ICRP recommended maximum for external irradiation of the human body, excluding medical and occupational exposures.
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| style="text-align:right;"| 2.4 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| (270 || {{nowrap|nSv/h avg)}} || Human exposure to [[Background radiation#Natural background radiation|natural background radiation]], global average<ref group=lower-alpha name="internal" />
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| style="text-align:right;"| (8 || {{nowrap|mSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 810 || {{nowrap|nSv/h avg}} || Next to the [[Chernobyl New Safe Confinement]] (May 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sarkofag+Chornobyl%CA%B9s%CA%B9koyi+Aes/@51.3914528,30.0954923,-6a,15y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMcTGNrPSWbatUzlM5df-Hj1iVuDftsFpHh65Z8!2e10!3e12!6shttps://lh5.googleusercontent.com/p/AF1QipMcTGNrPSWbatUzlM5df-Hj1iVuDftsFpHh65Z8=w203-h304-k-no!7i3648!8i5472!4m12!1m6!3m5!1s0x472a7d77be6d043b:0xfc14fe4e87c2f4bf!2sChernobyl+Power+Plant!8m2!3d51.381484!4d30.119319!3m4!1s0x472a7d08112a07a9:0x6f7f413c8c094933!8m2!3d51.3892859!4d30.0988302|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| ~8 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| (~900 || {{nowrap|nSv/h avg)}} || Average natural background radiation in Finland<ref>{{cite book |title=An introduction to nuclear waste immobilisation, second edition |date=13 November 2018 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-099392-8 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| 24 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| (2.7 || {{nowrap|μSv/h avg)}} || Natural background radiation at airline cruise altitude<ref>{{cite news |last=Bailey |first=Susan |title=Air crew radiation exposure—An overview |url=https://www2.ans.org/pubs/magazines/nn/docs/2000-1-3.pdf |access-date=19 May 2012 |newspaper=Nuclear News |date=January 2000 }}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>The dose rate received by air crews is highly dependent on the radiation weighting factors chosen for protons and neutrons, which have changed over time and remain controversial.</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| (46 || {{nowrap|mSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 5.19 || {{nowrap|μSv/h avg}} || Next to Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, before installing the [[Chernobyl New Safe Confinement|New Sarcophagus]] in November 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRL7o2kPqw0| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/TRL7o2kPqw0| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|title=The Most Radioactive Places on Earth|date=17 December 2014|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| 130 || {{nowrap|mSv/a}} || style="text-align:right;"| (15 || {{nowrap|μSv/h avg)}} || Ambient field inside most radioactive house in [[Ramsar, Iran]]<ref name="HNBR2009">{{cite journal |last1=Hendry |first1=Jolyon H. |last2=Simon |first2=Steven L. |last3=Wojcik |first3=Andrzej |last4=Sohrabi |first4=Mehdi |last5=Burkart |first5=Werner |last6=Cardis |first6=Elisabeth |last7=Laurier |first7=Dominique |last8=Tirmarche |first8=Margot |last9=Hayata |first9=Isamu| display-authors= 3 |title=Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks? |journal=Journal of Radiological Protection |date=1 June 2009 |volume=29 |issue=2A |pages=A29–A42 |doi=10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S03 |pmid=19454802 |pmc=4030667 |url=http://cricket.biol.sc.edu/papers/natural/Hendry%20et%20al%202009.pdf |access-date=1 December 2012 |bibcode=2009JRP....29...29H |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021233519/http://cricket.biol.sc.edu/papers/natural/Hendry%20et%20al%202009.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha name="external" />
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| style="text-align:right;"| (350 || {{nowrap|mSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 || {{nowrap|μSv/h avg}} || Inside "The Claw" of Chernobyl<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.news.com.au/technology/environment/the-claw-of-chernobyl-most-dangerous-thing-in-the-exclusion-zone/news-story/533246f01b396bd8deb106c315aecf61| title= The Claw of Chernobyl: most dangerous thing in the exclusion zone| first= LJ |last= Charleston| date= July 7, 2019| website= news.com.au| publisher= | access-date= January 31, 2021}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| (800 || {{nowrap|mSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 90 || {{nowrap|μSv/h}} || Natural radiation on a [[monazite]] beach near [[Guarapari]], Brazil.<ref>{{cite book |last=| first= |title=Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation |year=2000 |publisher= [[United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation]], United Nations |chapter-url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/publications/2000_1.html |access-date=11 November 2012 |page=121 |volume=1 |chapter=Annex B }}</ref><!--Not mentioned in UNSCEAR 2008, oddly enough.-->
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| style="text-align:right;"| (9 || {{nowrap|Sv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 1 || {{nowrap|mSv/h}} || NRC definition of a high radiation area in a nuclear power plant, warranting a chain-link fence<ref>{{cite book |last= | first= | title=Regulatory Guide 8.38: Control of Access to High and Very High Radiation Areas in Nuclear Power Plants |year=2006| publisher= US Nuclear Regulatory Commission |url=http://www.orau.org/ptp/PTP%20Library/library/NRC/Reguide/08-038.PDF }}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| {{nowrap|(17–173}} || {{nowrap|Sv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nowrap|2–20}} || {{nowrap|mSv/h}} || Typical dose rate for activated [[plasma facing material|reactor wall]] in possible future [[fusion reactor]]s after 100 years.<ref name="FUS539">{{cite web |url=http://www.afs.enea.it/dipacel/Eudora%20Backup/copied%20from%20Mac%2015-7-2008/Spool%20Folder/481002814/ukaea-fus-539.pdf |title=Consideration of strategies, industry experience, processes and time scales for the recycling of fusion irradiated material |publisher=UKAEA |page=vi |quote=dose rates of 2-20 mSv/h, typical of plasma facing components after intermediate storage for up to 100 years |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012025037/http://www.afs.enea.it/dipacel/Eudora%20Backup/copied%20from%20Mac%2015-7-2008/Spool%20Folder/481002814/ukaea-fus-539.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After approximately 300 years of decay the fusion waste would produce the same dose rate as exposure to [[coal ash]], with the volume of fusion waste naturally being orders of magnitude less than from coal ash.<ref>''Energy Markets: The Challenges of the New Millennium'', 18th World Energy Congress, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 21–25 October 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040506065141/http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/18th_Congress/downloads/ds/ds6/ds6_5.pdf Figure X page 13.]</ref> Immediate predicted activation is 90 M[[Gray (unit)|Gy]]/a.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019|reason=removed citation to predatory publisher content}}
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| style="text-align:right;"| (1.7 || {{nowrap|kSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 190 || {{nowrap|mSv/h}} || Highest reading from [[fallout]] of the [[Trinity bomb]], {{convert|20|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} away, 3 hours after detonation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Widner |first=Thomas |title=Draft Final Report of the Los Alamos Historical Document Retrieval and Assessment (LAHDRA) Project |date=June 2009 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |url=http://www.lahdra.org/pubs/reports/Entire%20report/LAHDRA%20Draft%20Final%20Report_vJy23p.pdf |access-date=12 November 2012}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha name="external">Noted figures exclude any committed dose from radioisotopes taken into the body. Therefore the total radiation dose would be higher unless respiratory protection was used.</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| (2.3 || {{nowrap|MSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| 270 || {{nowrap|Sv/h}} || Typical [[Pressurized water reactor|PWR]] spent fuel waste, after 10-year cooldown, no shielding and no distance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Su |first= S. |title= TAD Source Term and Dose Rate Evaluation |date= August 2006 |publisher= Bechtel Saic |url= http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0907/ML090770282.pdf |access-date=2021-09-17|id=000-30R-GGDE-00100-000-00A |page=19}}</ref>
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| style="text-align:right;"| {{nowrap|(4.6–5.6}} || {{nowrap|MSv/a)}} || style="text-align:right;"| {{nowrap|530–650}} || {{nowrap|Sv/h}} || The radiation level inside the primary containment vessel of the second [[Boiling water reactor|BWR]]-reactor of the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster|Fukushima]] power station, in February 2017, six years after a suspected [[nuclear meltdown|meltdown]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 February 2017 |title=High radiation readings at Fukushima's No. 2 reactor complicate robot-based probe |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/02/10/national/high-radiation-readings-at-fukushima-no-2-reactor/#.WJ85W3-pmUl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212074539/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/02/10/national/high-radiation-readings-at-fukushima-no-2-reactor/#.WKASt2HP32e |archive-date=2017-02-12 |newspaper=The Japan Times Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/feb/03/fukushima-daiichi-radiation-levels-highest-since-2011-meltdown|title=Fukushima nuclear reactor radiation at highest level since 2011 meltdown|first=Justin|last=McCurry|date=3 February 2017|via= theguardian.com |newspaper= The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/243904-fukushimas-reactor-2-far-radioactive-previously-realized-no-sign-containment-breach| title=Fukushima's Reactor #2 is far more radioactive than previously realized | first= Joel| last= Hruska |date= February 3, 2017 |website= extremetech.com |access-date= January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://gizmodo.com/excessive-radiation-inside-fukushima-fries-clean-up-rob-1792217866 |first= George| last= Dvorsky| date= February 10, 2018 |website= [[Gizmodo.com]] |title= Excessive Radiation Inside Fukushima Fries Clean-up Robot |access-date= January 31, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/02/08/japanese-nuclear-plant-just-recorded-an-astronomical-radiation-level-should-we-be-worried/|title=Japanese nuclear plant just recorded an astronomical radiation level. Should we be worried?| newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]| first1= Anna| last1= Fifield| first2= Yuki| last2= Oda| place= Tokyo| date= February 8, 2017 |access-date= January 31, 2021}}</ref> In this environment, it takes between 22 and 34 seconds to accumulate a [[median lethal dose]] (LD<sub>50</sub>/30).
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Notes on examples:
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}