Editing Revolver (Beatles album) (section)

== Packaging ==
=== Artwork ===
[[File:Aubrey Beardsley - The Yellow Book, An Illustrated Quarterly, April 15, 1894.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.59|For the cover of ''Revolver'', [[Klaus Voormann]] drew inspiration from ''[[The Yellow Book]]'' illustrator [[Aubrey Beardsley]].{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}}]]
The cover for ''Revolver'' was created by German-born bassist and artist [[Klaus Voormann]],{{sfn|Womack|2014|pp=767–68}} one of the Beatles' oldest friends from their [[The Beatles in Hamburg|time in Hamburg]] during the early 1960s.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=156–57}} Voormann's artwork was part line drawing and part [[collage]],{{sfn|Clough|Fallows|2010|p=118}} using photographs mostly taken over 1964–65 by [[Robert Freeman (photographer)|Robert Freeman]].{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=156–57}}{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=209}}{{refn|group=nb|Originally, the cover art for the album was going to be an image created by Freeman that included photos of each of the Beatles' faces revolving in circles repeatedly in layers. The band ultimately rejected the idea.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=156}}}} In his line drawings of the four Beatles (McCartney, Lennon, Harrison and Starr, clockwise from top-left), Voormann drew inspiration from the work of the nineteenth-century illustrator [[Aubrey Beardsley]],{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}} who was the subject of a long-running exhibition at London's [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] in 1966 and highly influential on fashion and design themes of the time.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=209–10}}{{sfn|Glynn|2013|p=134}} Voormann placed the various photos within the tangle of hair that connects the four faces.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}} Turner writes that the drawings show each Beatle "in another state of consciousness", such that the older images appear to be tumbling out from them.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=210–11}}

Voormann's aim was to reflect the radical departure in sound represented, particularly by "Tomorrow Never Knows",<ref name="Stummer/Guardian">Stummer, Robin (23 July 2016). [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/23/beatles-revolver-cover-klaus-voormann "How I drew a pop art masterpiece for the Beatles – a snip at just £50"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507051938/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/jul/23/beatles-revolver-cover-klaus-voormann |date=7 May 2017 }}. ''[[The Observer]]''{{hsp}}/[[The Guardian|theguardian.com]]. Retrieved 26 June 2017.</ref> and his choice of a black-and-white cover was in deliberate defiance of the preference for vivid colour.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=157}} When he submitted his work to the Beatles, Epstein wept, overjoyed that Voormann had managed to capture the experimental tone of the Beatles' new music.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=157}}<ref>{{cite magazine|last=O'Gorman|first=Martin|title=Painted from Memory|magazine=[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]|date=July 2006|page=77}}</ref> Voormann also designed a series of four images, titled "Wood Face", "Wool Face", "Triangle Face" and "Sun Face", which appeared on the front of the [[Northern Songs]] [[sheet music]] for each of the album's songs.<ref>Nash, Pete. "Money! It's What We Want!". In: {{harvnb|''Mojo Special Limited Edition''|2002|p=141}}.</ref>{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|p=85}}

[[File:Revolver 1966 back cover (outtake).jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.22|Colour outtake from [[Robert Whitaker (photographer)|Robert Whitaker]]'s photo session that produced the back-cover image used on the LP. George Harrison (third from left) is seen holding a transparency of the controversial [[Yesterday and Today#Cover controversy and Operation Retrieve|"butcher cover"]] for ''Yesterday and Today''.]]
The LP's back cover included a photograph of the Beatles, in Riley's description, "shaded by the hip modesty of sunglasses and cigarette smoke".{{sfn|Riley|2002|p=182}} The photo was part of a series taken by [[Robert Whitaker (photographer)|Robert Whitaker]] during the filming at Abbey Road on 19 May and demonstrated the Beatles' adoption of fashions from boutiques that had recently opened in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], rather than the [[Carnaby Street]] designers they had favoured previously.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=183–85, 276}} From these Chelsea boutiques, Lennon wore a long-collared [[Paisley (design)|paisley]]{{sfn|Winn|2009|p=20}} shirt from [[Granny Takes a Trip]], while Harrison was dressed in a wide-lapelled velvet jacket designed by [[Hung on You]].{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=183}} Turner views the selection of attire as reflective of the Beatles "still dressing similarly yet with an individual stamp"; he identifies the choice of sunglasses as another example of a unified yet personalised look, whereby the styles ranged from oblong-shaped lenses, for Lennon, to an oval-shaped pair worn by Starr.{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=185}} Gould, who describes Starr's glasses as "ludicrously bug-eyed", considers the cover design to be consistent with the "break with the past" ethos that had guided the album's creation.{{sfn|Gould|2007|pp=348–49}}

During the same photo shoot, Whitaker took pictures of the Beatles examining orange transparencies of his [[Yesterday and Today#"Butcher cover"|"butcher cover"]] design for ''Yesterday and Today''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=163–64}} The latter image proved instantly controversial in America due to its depiction of dismembered baby dolls and raw meat.{{sfn|Schaffner|1978|pp=55–56}}<ref>Hunt, Chris (ed.). "Here, There & Everywhere". In: {{harvnb|''Mojo Special Limited Edition''|2002|p=64}}.</ref>

=== Title ===
The album's title, like that of ''Rubber Soul'', is a pun,{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=84}} referring to both [[revolver|a kind of handgun]] and the "revolving" motion of a record as it plays on a [[Phonograph|turntable]].{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=239}} Gould views the title as a "[[Marshall McLuhan|McLuhanesque]] pun", since, more so than on their previous albums, the focus of ''Revolver'' appears to rotate from one Beatle to another with each song.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=348}}{{refn|group=nb|Gould finds this characteristic emphasised in the "Lead Singer" credits on both the cover and the record's face labels, which list an individual vocalist for each track, with none of the shared lead vocals that had been a feature of ''Rubber Soul''.{{sfn|Gould|2007|p=349}}}}

The group had originally wanted to call the album ''Abracadabra'', until they discovered that another band had already used it.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=155–56}} When discussing possible alternatives, during their German tour, Lennon opted for ''Four Sides to the Circle'' in response to McCartney's ''Magic Circle'', and Starr jokingly suggested ''After Geography'', a play on the title of [[the Rolling Stones]]' recently released ''[[Aftermath (The Rolling Stones album)|Aftermath]]'' LP.{{sfn|Turner|2016|p=216}} Other suggestions included ''Bubble and Squeak'', ''Beatles on Safari'', ''Freewheelin' Beatles''{{sfn|Ingham|2006|p=285}} and ''Pendulum'' before the band settled on ''Revolver''.{{sfn|Rodriguez|2012|pp=155–56}} They confirmed their choice in a telegram to EMI,{{sfn|Lewisohn|2005|p=84}} sent from the Tokyo Hilton on 2 July.{{sfn|Turner|2016|pp=239–40}}