Editing Renaissance (section)

===Poland===
{{main|Renaissance in Poland}}
{{multiple image
| width1            = 125
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| image1            = Wawel-kaplica1.jpg
| alt1              = Sigismund Chapel
| image2            = Nagrobek Zygmunta Starego i Zygmunta Augusta.jpg
| alt2              = Tombstone
| footer            = A 16th-century Renaissance tombstone of Polish kings within the [[Sigismund Chapel]] in [[Kraków]], Poland. The golden-domed chapel was designed by [[Bartolommeo Berrecci]].
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The Polish Renaissance lasted from the late 15th to the late 16th century and was the [[Polish Golden Age|Golden Age]] of [[Polish culture]]. Ruled by the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]], the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] (from 1569 known as the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]) actively participated in the broad European Renaissance. An early Italian humanist who came to Poland in the mid-15th century was [[Filippo Buonaccorsi]], who was employed as royal advisor and councillor. The tomb of [[John I Albert]], completed in 1505 by [[Francesco Fiorentino]], is the first example of a Renaissance composition in the country.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rundle |first=David |date=2012 |title=Humanism in fifteenth-century Europe |location=Oxford |publisher=The Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature |page=143| isbn=9780907570400}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Suchodolski |first=Bogdan |date=1973 |title=Poland, the Land of Copernicus |location=Wrocław |publisher=Ossolineum, Polska Akademia Nauk PAN |page=150 |oclc=714705}}</ref> Many Italian artists subsequently came to Poland with [[Bona Sforza]] of [[Milan]], when she married King [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I]] in 1518.<ref>[http://en.poland.gov.pl/Bona,Sforza,%281494,%E2%80%93,1557%29,1958.html Bona Sforza (1494–1557)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506203103/http://en.poland.gov.pl/Bona,Sforza,(1494,%E2%80%93,1557),1958.html |date=6 May 2014 }}. poland.gov.pl (Retrieved 4 April 2007)</ref> This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as well as by newly established universities.<ref>For example, the re-establishment of [[Jagiellonian University]] in 1364. {{Cite web |last=Waltos |first=Stanisław |date=31 October 2002 |title=The Past and the Present |url=http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/historiatxt.jsp&lang=en#narodziny |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021120144715/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fhistoriatxt.jsp&lang=en |archive-date=20 November 2002 |website=Uniwersytet Jagielloński}}</ref> 

The Renaissance was a period when the multi-national Polish state experienced a substantial period of cultural growth thanks in part to a century without major wars, aside from conflicts in the sparsely populated [[Kresy|eastern and southern borderlands]]. Architecture became more refined and decorative. [[Mannerist architecture and sculpture in Poland|Mannerism]] played an important part in shaping what is now considered to be the truly Polish architectural style – high [[Attic (architecture)|attics]] above the [[cornice]] with pinnacles and [[pilaster]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historiasztuki.com.pl/strony/002-00-14-STYLE-RENESANS.html|title=HISTORIA ARCHITEKTURY EUROPEJSKIEJ TYLKO DLA ORŁÓW - SKRÓT|website=www.historiasztuki.com.pl}}</ref> It was also the time when the first major works of [[Polish literature]] were published, particularly those of [[Mikołaj Rey]] and [[Jan Kochanowski]], and the [[Polish language]] became the ''[[lingua franca]]'' of East-Central Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Koyama |first=Satoshi |url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/contents.html |title=Regions in Central and Eastern Europe: Past and Present |publisher=Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University |year=2007 |isbn=978-4-938637-43-9 |editor1-last=Hayashi |editor1-first=Tadayuki |pages=137–153 |chapter=Chapter 8: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity |access-date=23 May 2019 |editor2-last=Fukuda |editor2-first=Hiroshi |chapter-url=http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/08_koyama.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225015447/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no15_ses/contents.html |archive-date=25 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Jagiellonian University]] transformed into a major institution of higher education for the region and hosted many notable scholars, chiefly [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] and [[Conrad Celtes]]. Three more academies were founded at [[University of Königsberg|Königsberg]] (1544), [[Vilnius University|Vilnius]] (1579), and [[Zamoyski Academy|Zamość]] (1594). The Reformation spread peacefully throughout the country, giving rise to the [[Nontrinitarianism|Nontrinitarian]] [[Polish Brethren]].<ref>Phillip Hewett, ''Racovia: An Early Liberal Religious Community'', Providence, Blackstone Editions, 2004, p.20-21.</ref> Living conditions improved, cities grew, and exports of agricultural products enriched the population, especially the nobility (''[[szlachta]]'') and [[Magnates of Poland and Lithuania|magnates]]. The nobles gained dominance in the new political system of [[Golden Liberty]], a counterweight to [[Monarchy|monarchical]] [[Absolutism (European history)|absolutism]].<ref>Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes, Oxford University Press, 2005, {{ISBN|0-19-925339-0}}, p.262</ref>