Editing Reduplication (section)

===Semitic===
[[Semitic languages]] frequently reduplicate consonants, though often not the vowels that appear next to the consonants in some verb form.{{sfn|Butts|2011}} This can take the shape of reduplicating the antepenultimate consonant (usually the second of three),{{clarify|reason=second of three is not antepenultimate|date=September 2015}} the last of two consonants, or the last two consonants.{{sfn|Unseth|2003}}

====Hebrew====
In [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], reduplication is used in nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs for various reasons:

* For emphasis: in {{Script/Hebrew|לאט לאט}} ''le'at le'at'', where the adverb {{Script/Hebrew|לאט}} "slowly" is duplicated to mean "very slowly". In the slangism {{Script/Hebrew|גבר גבר}} ''gever gever'', the noun {{Script/Hebrew|גבר}} "man" is duplicated to mean a "very manly man".
* To mean "one by one":
** {{Script/Hebrew|יום יום}} ''yom yom'' is based on {{Script/Hebrew|יום}} "day", and means "every day, day by day".
**  {{Script/Hebrew|פרה פרה}} ''para para'' is based on {{Script/Hebrew|פרה}} "cow", and literally means "cow by cow", referring to "one thing at a time". This is possibly a folk etymology, and a derivation from Spanish "para" meaning "stop" is possible.
* To create a diminutive: by reduplicating the last two consonants (bi-consonantal reduplication):
** {{Script/Hebrew|כלב}} ''kelev'' "dog"
*** {{Script/Hebrew|כלבלב}} ''klavlav'' "puppy"
** {{Script/Hebrew|חתול}} ''khatul'' "cat"
*** {{Script/Hebrew|חתלתול}} ''khataltul'' "kitten"
** {{Script/Hebrew|לבן}} ''lavan'' "white"
*** {{Script/Hebrew|לבנבן}} ''levanban'' "whitish"
** {{Script/Hebrew|קטן}} ''katan'' "small"
*** {{Script/Hebrew|קטנטן}} ''ktantan'' "tiny"
* To create secondary derivative verbs: by reduplicating the root or part of it:
** ''dal'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דל}}) "poor" > ''dilel'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דלל}}) "to dilute", and also ''dildel'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דלדל}}) "to impoverish, weaken".
** ''nad'' ({{Script/Hebrew|נד}}) "to move, nod" > ''nadad'' ({{Script/Hebrew|נדד}}) "to wander" but also ''nidned'' ({{Script/Hebrew|נדנד}}) "to swing" and - due to [[phono-semantic matching]] of the [[Yiddish]]  lexical item נודיען nídyen / núdzhen "to bore, bother" - also "to bother, pest, nag, annoy".<ref name="language">[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann, Ghil'ad]] (2003), [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]. [[Palgrave Macmillan]]. {{ISBN|9781403917232}} / {{ISBN|9781403938695}} [http://www.palgrave.com/br/book/9781403917232]</ref>{{rp|206}}
** ''tzakhak'' ({{Script/Hebrew|צחק}}) "to laugh" > ''tzikhkek'' ({{Script/Hebrew|צחקק}}) "to chuckle".
* For onomatopoeia:
** שקשק ''shikshék'' "to make noise, rustle".<ref name="language"/>{{rp|207}}
** רשרש ''rishrésh'' "to make noise, rustle".<ref name="language"/>{{rp|208}}

There are also numerous examples in the Torah, for example "אם שמוע תשמעו" which means "if you listen diligently".

====Amharic====
In [[Amharic language|Amharic]], verb roots can be reduplicated three different ways. These can result in verbs, nouns, or adjectives (which are often derived from verbs).

From the root ''sbr'' 'break', antepenultimate reduplication produces ''täsäbabbärä'' 'it was shattered'{{sfn|Leslau|1995|p=1029}} and biconsonantal reduplication produces ''täsbäräbbärä'' 'it was shattered repeatedly' and ''səbərbari'' 'a shard, a shattered piece'.{{sfn|Unseth|2002}}

From the root ''kHb'' 'pile stones into a wall', since the second radical is not fully specified, what some call "hollow", the antepenultimate reduplication process reduplicates the ''k'' inserting the vowel ''a'' along with the consonant as a place holder for the hollow consonant, which is by some criteria antepenultimate, and produces ''akakabä'' 'pile stones repeatedly'.{{sfn|Leslau|1995|p=1035}}{{sfn|Tak|2016}}