Editing Proportional representation (section)

==== Party list PR ====
{{Main|Party-list proportional representation}}

Party list proportional representation is an electoral system in which seats are first allocated to parties based on vote share, and then assigned to party-affiliated candidates on the parties' [[electoral list]]s. This system is used in many countries, including [[Finland]] (open list), [[Latvia]] (open list), [[Sweden]] (open list), [[Israel]] (national closed list), [[Brazil]] (open list), [[Kazakhstan]] (closed list), [[Nepal]] (closed list) as adopted in 2008 in first CA election, the [[Netherlands]] (open list), [[Russia]] (closed list), [[South Africa]] (closed list), [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (open list), and [[Ukraine]] (open list). For elections to the [[European Parliament]], most [[Member states of the European Union|member states]] use open lists; but most large EU countries use closed lists, so that the majority of EP seats are distributed by those.<ref>As counted from the table in {{cite web |url=http://www.wahlrecht.de/ausland/europa.htm |title=Wahlsysteme in den EU-Mitgliedstaaten |language=de |website=Europawahlrecht |access-date=May 5, 2025}}</ref> Local lists were used to elect the [[Italian Senate]] during the second half of the 20th century. Some common types of electoral lists are:

* [[Closed list]] systems, where each party lists its candidates according to the party's [[candidate selection]] process. This sets the order of candidates on the list and thus, in effect, their probability of being elected. The first candidate on a list, for example, will get the first seat that party wins. Each voter casts a vote for a list of candidates. Voters, therefore, do not have the option to express their preferences at the ballot as to which of a party's candidates are elected into office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party List PR |url=http://www.electoral-reform.org.uk/party-list |publisher=Electoral Reform Society |access-date=23 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fixing Canadian Democracy |first=Gordon |last=Gibson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7hFz5GawkcC&q=closed+list+PR&pg=PA58 |publisher=The Fraser Institute |page=76 |date=2003 |isbn=9780889752016}}</ref> A party is allocated seats in proportion to the number of votes it receives.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gallagher |first1=Michael |last2=Mitchell |first2=Paul |date=2005 |title=The Politics of Electoral Systems |location=Oxford, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=11 |isbn=978-0-19-925756-0}}</ref>
* [[Ley de Lemas]], an intermediate system used in Uruguay, where each party presents several closed lists, each representing a faction. Seats are distributed between parties according to the number of votes, and then between the factions within each party.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}}
* [[Open list]] systems, where voters may vote, depending on the model, for one person, or for two or more, or vote for a party list but indicate their order of preference within the list. These votes sometimes rearrange the order of names on the party's list and thus which of its candidates are elected. Nevertheless, the number of candidates elected from each list is determined by the number of votes that the list receives or that the candidates on the list receive.<ref name="auto3">{{cite journal |first=Michal |last=Smrek |title=Mavericks or Loyalists? Popular Ballot Jumpers and Party Discipline in the Flexible-List PR Context |journal=[[Political Research Quarterly]]  |date=2023 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=323–336 |doi=10.1177/10659129221087961 }}</ref>
* [[Localized list]] systems, where parties divide their candidates in single member-like constituencies, which are ranked inside each general party list depending by their percentages. This method allows electors to judge every single candidate as in a [[FPTP]] system.
* Two-tier party list systems, as in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. These operate similarly to [[Mixed-member proportional representation|mixed-member proportional]] systems or additional member systems. For example, [[Folketing#Constitutional requirements|Denmark]] is divided into ten multiple-member voting districts arranged in three regions, electing 135 representatives. In addition, 40 compensatory seats are elected. Voters have one vote. It is cast for an individual candidate or for a party list on the district ballot. To determine district winners, parties are allocated district seats based on their district vote shares. Candidates in the district are apportioned their share of their party's district list vote plus their individual votes, and the most-popular are elected to fill their party's seats. Compensatory seats are apportioned to the regions according to the party votes aggregated nationally, and then to the districts where the compensatory representatives are determined. In the 2007 general election, the district magnitudes, including compensatory representatives, varied between 14 and 28. The basic design of the system has remained unchanged since its introduction in 1920.<ref name="denmark">{{cite web |title=The Parliamentary Electoral System in Denmark |url=http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx |publisher=Ministry of the Interior and Health |location=Copenhagen |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=2011 |archive-date=23 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123004726/http://www.thedanishparliament.dk/Publications/The%20Parliamentary%20Electoral%20System%20in%20DK.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The main features of the Norwegian electoral system |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/kmd/information-campaigns/election_portal/the-electoral-system/the-norwegian-electoral-system.html?id=456636 |publisher=Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation |location=Oslo |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Swedish electoral system |url=http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html |publisher=Election Authority |location=Stockholm |access-date=1 September 2014 |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818233057/http://www.val.se/sprak/engelska/general_information/index.html |archive-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>