Editing Printing (section)

==Comparison of printing methods==
<!-- TODO: needs intro text? -->
<!-- TODO: needs price and run-size comparison, but MUST be cited -->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Comparison of printing methods<ref name="kipphan130-144">{{Cite book |last=Kipphan |first=Helmut |title=Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |edition=Illustrated |pages=130–44 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC |isbn=978-3-540-67326-2}}</ref>
|-
! Printing process
! Transfer method
! [[Pressure]] applied
! [[Drop (liquid)|Drop size]]
! [[Dynamic viscosity]]
! Ink thickness on substrate
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! Cost-effective run length <!-- cite this column, please —~~~~ -->
|-
| [[Offset printing]]
| rollers
| 1 MPa
|
| 40–100 Pa·s
| 0.5–1.5&nbsp;μm
| high print quality
| >&nbsp;5,000 ([[ISO 216|A3 trim size]], sheet-fed)<ref name="kipphan976-979">{{Cite book |last=Kipphan |first=Helmut |title=Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |edition=Illustrated |pages=976–79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC |isbn=978-3-540-67326-2}}</ref>
>&nbsp;30,000 ([[ISO 216|A3 trim size]], web-fed)<ref name="kipphan976-979" />
|-
| [[Rotogravure]]
| rollers
| 3 MPa
|
| 50–200 mPa·s
| 0.8–8&nbsp;μm
| thick ink layers possible, <br />excellent image reproduction, <br />edges of letters and lines are jagged<ref name="kipphan48-52">{{Cite book |last=Kipphan |first=Helmut |title=Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods |publisher=Springer |year=2001 |edition=Illustrated |pages=48–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC |isbn=978-3-540-67326-2}}</ref>
| >&nbsp;500,000<ref name="kipphan48-52" />
|-
| [[Flexography]]
| rollers
| 0.3 MPa
|
| 50–500 mPa·s
| 0.8–2.5&nbsp;μm
| high quality (now HD)
|
|-
| [[Letterpress printing]]
| platen
| 10 MPa
|
| 50–150 Pa·s
| 0.5–1.5&nbsp;μm
| slow drying
|
|-
| [[Screen-printing]]
| pressing ink through holes in screen
|
|
|1000–10,000 mPa·s<ref name="Zeng-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Minxiang |last2=Zhang |first2=Yanliang |date=2019-10-22 |title=Colloidal nanoparticle inks for printing functional devices: emerging trends and future prospects |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ta/c9ta07552f |journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A |volume=7 |issue=41 |pages=23301–23336 |doi=10.1039/C9TA07552F|osti=1801277|s2cid=203945576 |issn=2050-7496 |access-date=April 21, 2020 |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412172136/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/TA/C9TA07552F |url-status=live}}</ref>
| <&nbsp;12&nbsp;μm
| versatile method, <br />low quality
|
|-
| [[Electrophotography]]
| [[electrostatics]]
|
|
|
| 5–10&nbsp;μm
| thick ink
|
|-
|Liquid electrophotography
|image formation by Electrostatics and transfer while fixing
|
|
|
|
|High PQ, excellent image reproduction, wide range of media, very thin image
|
|-
| [[Inkjet printer]]
| thermal
|
| 5–30 picolitres (pl)
| 1–5 mPa·s<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Guohua |last2=Kang |first2=Joohoon |last3=Ng |first3=Leonard W. T. |last4=Zhu |first4=Xiaoxi |last5=Howe |first5=Richard C. T. |last6=Jones |first6=Christopher G. |last7=Hersam |first7=Mark C. |last8=Hasan |first8=Tawfique |author-link8=Tawfique Hasan |date=2018-05-08 |title=Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/cs/c8cs00084k |journal=Chemical Society Reviews |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=3265–3300 |doi=10.1039/C8CS00084K|issn=1460-4744 |pmid=29667676 |s2cid=4937349 |access-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-date=April 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413021249/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/cs/c8cs00084k |url-status=live}}</ref>
| <&nbsp;0.5&nbsp;μm
| special paper required to reduce bleeding
| <&nbsp;350 ([[ISO 216|A3 trim size]])<ref name="kipphan976-979" />
|-
| [[Inkjet printer]]
| piezoelectric
|
| 4–30 pl
| 5–20 mPa s
| <&nbsp;0.5&nbsp;μm
| special paper required to reduce bleeding
| <&nbsp;350 ([[ISO 216|A3 trim size]])<ref name="kipphan976-979" />
|-
| [[Inkjet printer]]
| continuous
|
| 5–100 pl
| 1–5 mPa·s
| <&nbsp;0.5&nbsp;μm
| special paper required to reduce bleeding
| <&nbsp;350 ([[ISO 216|A3 trim size]])<ref name="kipphan976-979" />
|-
| [[Transfer-print]]
| thermal transfer film or water release decal
|
|
|
|
| mass-production method of applying an image to a curved or uneven surface
|
|-
|Aerosol-jet printer
|Aerosolized inks carried by gas
|
|2–5 microns in diameter
|1–1000 mPa s
|<&nbsp;1&nbsp;μm
|Good printing resolution, <br />High quality<ref name="Zeng-2019" /><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Paulsen|first1=Jason A.|last2=Renn|first2=Michael|last3=Christenson|first3=Kurt|last4=Plourde|first4=Richard|title=2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings |chapter=Printing conformal electronics on 3D structures with Aerosol Jet technology |date=October 2012|pages=1–4|doi=10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378343|isbn=978-1-4673-2482-3|s2cid=21924851}}</ref>
|
|}
[[File:Digital Printer.jpg|alt=Digital printer from Design Print Shop|thumb|Digital printers can now not just print leaflets and documents, but also scan, fax, copy and make booklets plus more.]]