Editing Pope Adrian IV (section)

===1159 Papal Conclave===
The [[1159 papal election]] was disputed, and the College of Cardinals split along sectarian lines, between the "Sicilian"—so-called as its members wished to continue the pro-William policy of Adrian—and "Imperial" sympathisers. The former supported the candidacy of Cardinal Roland; the latter that of Ottaviano de Monticelli. Roland was elected Pope Alexander III. The result was not accepted by his opponents, who elected an [[Antipope]], [[Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)|Victor IV]],{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=53}}{{refn|Not to be confused with the Antipapacy of Cardinal Gregorio Conti, who had previously taken the title [[Antipope Victor IV (1138)|Victor IV]] in 1138.{{sfn|Palgrave|1921|p=730}}|group=note}} whom John of Salisbury had previously mocked.{{sfn|Whalen|2014|p=127}} The Imperial party disagreed with the new policy of ''rapprochement'' with Sicily and favoured the traditional alliance with the Empire.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=79}} A missive of the Imperial party of electors claimed that Adrian was a "dupe" of the Sicilian faction within the cardinals.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=470}} Indicative of Barbarossa's attitude towards his candidate was his willingness to serve Victor as he had objected to serving Adrian, for example by holding the Antipope's horse and kissing his feet.{{sfn|Freed|2016|p=257}}The conclave to elect Adrian's successor, says Ullmann, was a "riotous and undignified spectacle".{{sfn|Ullmann|2003|p=124}} Alexander was elected by two-thirds of the college, while Victor's support declined from nine to five cardinals.{{sfn|Robinson|1996|p=53}} Two further antipopes were elected before Alexander's death in 1181 and a unity candidate was found.{{sfn|Barber|1992|p=103}} Alexander was left a problematic legacy by Adrian, who had guaranteed a powerful enemy for the Papacy in the Emperor. Alexander managed to negotiate successive crises, however, and held its own.{{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} Within a year, Emperor Manuel had recognised Alexander,{{sfn|Magdalino|1993|p=64}} as had the English King Henry, although the latter waited nine months to do so.{{sfn|Duggan|2007|p=169}}{{refn|Henry subsequently assumed that he had Alexander's backing vis a vis the English church as a ''[[quid pro quo]]'' for supporting his pontifical election. This was not, however, to be, and Alexander later condemned [[Constitutions of Clarendon|many of Henry's policies]].{{sfn|Robinson|2004|p=356}}|group=note}}  Although Octavian received less curial support in the conclave, he had the support of the Roman commune. As a result, Alexander and his supporters were forced into the sanctuary of the [[Leonine City|Leonine]] [[Borgo (rione of Rome)|Borgho]].{{sfn|Ullmann|2003|pp=124–125}}