Editing Politics of China (section)

=== Citizen surveys ===
Surveys have shown a high level of the Chinese public's satisfaction with their government.<ref name=":09">{{Cite book |last=Jin |first=Keyu |title=The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism |date=2023 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-1-9848-7828-1 |location=New York |author-link=Keyu Jin}}</ref>{{Rp|page=137}}<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Lan |first=Xiaohuan |title=How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2024 |isbn=978-981-97-0079-0 |translator-last=Topp |translator-first=Gary |doi=10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6}}</ref>{{Rp|page=116}} These views are generally attributed to the material comforts and security available to large segments of the Chinese populace as well as the government's attentiveness and responsiveness.<ref name=":09" />{{Rp|page=136}} Academic Klára Dubravčíková writes that a majority of the Chinese middle class are satisfied with the CCP and are among those who tend to credit it for the increase of living standards in China since reform and opening up.<ref name=":922">{{Cite book |last=Dubravčíková |first=Klára |title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower? |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-03-239508-1 |editor-last=Kironska |editor-first=Kristina |pages=58–70 |chapter=Living Standards and Social Issues |doi=10.4324/9781003350064-7 |editor-last2=Turscanyi |editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=61}}

A 2009 study by academic Tony Sachs found that 95.9% of Chinese citizens were relatively satisfied or extremely satisfied with the central government, with the figure dropping to 61.5% for their local governments.<ref name=":052">{{Cite book |last=Meng |first=Wenting |title=Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding |date=2024 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9783838219073 |series=Ibidem |pages=57}}</ref> A study published in ''[[The China Quarterly]]'' on attitudes from 2003 to 2016 found that people in coastal regions were particularly satisfied with government performance.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=|page=301}}

Survey data compiled by academic Bruce Dickson and published in 2016 concludes that approximately 70% of China's population supports the [[Chinese Dream]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garlick |first=Jeremy |title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption |date=2024 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |isbn=978-1-350-25231-8}}</ref>{{Rp|page=148}}

According to the [[World Values Survey]] covering 2017 to 2020, 95% of Chinese respondents have significant confidence in their government.<ref name=":09" />{{Rp|page=13}} Confidence decreased to 91% in the survey's 2022 edition.<ref name=":09" />{{Rp|page=13}}

A 2020 survey by [[Harvard University]] found that citizen satisfaction with the government had increased since 2003, also rating China's government as more effective and capable than ever before in the survey's history.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zhao |first=Suisheng |url= |title=The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy |date=2023 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3088-8 |location=Stanford, California |pages= |doi=10.1515/9781503634152 |oclc=1331741429 |author-link=Suisheng Zhao}}</ref>{{Rp|page=163}} The survey also showed that trust in government had increased since 2003, particularly following the [[Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping|anti-corruption campaign of Xi Jinping]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Alfred M. |url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/vx021h696 |title=China as Number One? The Emerging Values of a Rising Power |last2=Araral |first2=Eduardo |last3=Huang |first3=Andbiao |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-07635-2 |editor-last=Zhong |editor-first=Yang |series=China Understandings Today series |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |chapter=Mapping the Changes of Trust in Transitional China |format=EPUB |editor-last2=Inglehart |editor-first2=Ronald }}</ref>{{Rp|page=300}} Satisfaction with interactions with local officials had also increased from 47.9% in 2011 to 75.1% by 2016.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|pages=300-301}} Publishing in 2024, academics Alfred Wu et al. conclude that survey data show that Chinese people in all segments of society tend to trust the government.<ref name=":12" />{{Rp|page=301}} 

A 2020 study by [[University of Southern California]] researchers affiliated with the [[Hoover Institution]] found that more anonymous surveys show 50 to 70 percent support for the CCP, much lower than what direct surveys show at above 90 percent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2024 |title=China's leaders are less popular than they might think |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2024/01/16/chinas-leaders-are-less-popular-than-they-might-think |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-01-16 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |quote=The results suggest that when the survey was conducted in June and November 2020 between 50% and 70% of Chinese people supported the party. (This is an upper bound, say the researchers, because concerns about online surveillance may still have spooked some respondents into giving positive responses.) |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116225645/https://www.economist.com/china/2024/01/16/chinas-leaders-are-less-popular-than-they-might-think |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Wachtel |first=Ileana |date=January 29, 2024 |title=When Chinese citizens are surveyed anonymously, support for party and government plummets |url=https://phys.org/news/2024-01-chinese-citizens-surveyed-anonymously-party.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[Phys.org]] |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131043010/https://phys.org/news/2024-01-chinese-citizens-surveyed-anonymously-party.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The same survey found that [[Han Chinese]] are more supportive of the CCP than are [[Ethnic minorities in China|ethnic minorities]] and that minorities tend to conceal their views of the CCP.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carter |first1=Erin Baggott |last2=Carter |first2=Brett L. |last3=Schick |first3=Stephen |date=2024-01-10 |title=Do Chinese Citizens Conceal Opposition to the CCP in Surveys? Evidence from Two Experiments |journal=[[The China Quarterly]] |volume=259 |language=en |pages=804–813 |doi=10.1017/S0305741023001819 |issn=0305-7410 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

According to a survey by [[Pew Research Center]] in 2020, Chinese citizens are among the most optimistic in the world.<ref name=":012">{{Cite book |last1=He |first1=Lingnan |url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/vx021h696 |title=China as Number One? The Emerging Values of a Rising Power |last2=Yang |first2=Dali L. |date=2024 |publisher=[[University of Michigan Press]] |isbn=978-0-472-07635-2 |editor-last=Zhong |editor-first=Yang |series=China Understandings Today series |location=Ann Arbor, Michigan |chapter=Political Participation in China: Social Surveys as Windows to Chinese Political Attitude and Behavior |format=EPUB |editor-last2=Inglehart |editor-first2=Ronald }}</ref>{{Rp|page=130}}

Survey results from 2014 to 2020 show no clear alignment along the left-right spectrum or pro-government or anti-government positions. Wealthier and more educated Chinese tend to prefer market liberalization, political democratization, and are less nationalistic, while poorer and less educated citizens show the opposite trend. This may be a reflection of how the former group has benefited more from China's market reforms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2022 |title=Is there a Political "Left" or "Right" in China? Charting China's |url=https://sccei.fsi.stanford.edu/china-briefs/there-political-left-or-right-china-charting-chinas-ideological-spectrum |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=sccei.fsi.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pan |first1=Jennifer |last2=Xu |first2=Yiqing |date=2020 |title=Gauging Preference Stability and Ideological Constraint under Authoritarian Rule |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |language=en |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3679076 |issn=1556-5068 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Summarizing survey data developed from 2003 to 2020, academic Lan Xiaohuan writes that overall satisfaction is approximately 83% for the central government, 78% for provincial governments, and 70% for county and township governments.<ref name=":62" />{{Rp|page=116}} Lan also concludes that the anti-corruption campaign of Xi Jinping was successful in raising public confidence in the ethics of government officials.<ref name=":62" />{{Rp|page=116}}