Editing Persecution of Christians (section)

==== Almoravid Caliphate ====
The Almohads wreaked enormous destruction on the Christian population of Iberia. Tens of thousands of the native Christians in Iberia (Hispania) were deported from their ancestral lands to Africa by the Almoravids and Almohads. They suspected that the Christians could pose as a [[fifth column]] that could potentially help their coreligionists in the north of Iberia. Many Christians died en route to north Africa during these expulsions.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1080/23311983.2017.1334374 | title=The Christian presence in North Africa under Almoravids Rule (1040–1147 CE): Coexistence or eradication? | year=2017 | last1=Ladjal | first1=Tarek | journal=Cogent Arts & Humanities | volume=4 | s2cid=159473596 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJwjngEACAAJ | isbn=9781610170956 | title=The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews Under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain | year=2016 | publisher=ISI Books }}</ref> 
Christians under the Almoravids suffered persecutions and mass expulsions to Africa. In 1099 the Almoravids sacked the great church of the city of Granada. In 1101 Christians fled from the city of Valencia to the Catholic kingdoms. In 1106 the Almoravids deported Christians from Malaga to Africa. In 1126, after a failed Christian rebellion in Granada, the Almoravids expelled the city's entire Christian population to Africa. And in 1138, Ibn Tashufin forcibly took many thousands of Christians with him to Africa.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WhAXAAAAIAAJ | isbn=9788475060859 | title=Historia de los mozárabes de España: Bajo el gobierno de los virreyes (Años 711 a 756) | year=1983 | publisher=Ediciones Turner }}</ref>

The oppressed Mozarabs sent emissaries to the king of Aragon, Alphonso 1st le Batailleur (1104–1134), asking him to come to their rescue and deliver them from the Almoravids. Following the raid the king of Aragon launched in Andalusia in 1125–26 in responding to the pleas of Grenada's Mozarabs, the latter were deported en masse to Morocco in the fall of 1126.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2cvzDQAAQBAJ |author=Reinhart Dozy | isbn=9781315304694 | title=Spanish Islam: A History of the Moslems in Spain | date=12 January 2017 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Another wave of expulsions to Africa took place 11 years later and as a result very very few Christians were left in Andalusia. Whatever was left of the Christian Catholic population in Granada was exterminated in the aftermath of a revolt against the Almohads in 1164. The Caliph [[Abu Yaqub Yusuf]] boasted that he had left no church or synagogue standing in al-Andalus.<ref name="auto1"/>

Muslim clerics in Al Andalus viewed Christians and Jews as unclean and dirty and feared that too much contact with them would contaminate Muslims. In Seville the faqih Ibn Abdun issued these regulations segregating people of the two faiths:<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gl29wwEACAAJ|title=Islam from the Prophet Muhammad to the Capture of Constantinople, Volume 2|pages=158–65|isbn=978-0-19-505088-2 |last1=Lewis |first1=Bernard |year=1987 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>
{{blockquote|A Muslim must not massage a Jew or a Christian nor throw away his refuse nor clean his latrines. The Jew and the Christian are better fitted for such trades, since they are the trades of those who are vile. A Muslim should not attend to the animal of a Jew or of a Christian, nor serve him as a muleteer [neither Catholics nor Jews could ride horses; only Muslims could], nor hold his stirrup. If any Muslim is known to do this, he should be denounced.… No … [unconverted] Jew or Christian must be allowed to dress in the costume of people of position, of a jurist, or of a worthy man [this provision echoes the Pact of Umar]. They must on the contrary be abhorred and shunned and should not be greeted with the formula, “Peace be with you,” for the devil has gained mastery over them and has made them forget the name of God. They are the devil's party, “and indeed the devil's party are the losers” (Qur’an 57:22). They must have a distinguishing sign by which they are recognized to their shame [emphasis added]. }}