Editing Penang (section)

=== Land ===
[[File:View of Penang Bridge 2025.jpg|thumb|Middle span of the [[Penang Bridge]], with [[High-voltage direct current#Monopole|monopole]] [[Transmission tower|transmission towers]] in the background, {{Circa|2025}}.]]
{{See also|List of streets in George Town, Penang}}
[[Penang Island]] is physically connected to mainland [[Seberang Perai]] by two road bridges {{Endash}} the {{cvt|13.5|km||adj=on}} [[Penang Bridge]] and the {{cvt|24|km}} [[Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge|Second Penang Bridge]].<ref name="ICE-2023">{{Cite web |title=Penang Bridges |url=https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/penang-bridges |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=[[Institution of Civil Engineers]] }}</ref> Seberang Perai is accessible through the [[North–South Expressway (Malaysia)|North-South Expressway]], a {{cvt|966|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} expressway that stretches along the western part of [[Peninsular Malaysia]].<ref name=":3" /> Other major [[Toll road|toll routes]] in the state include the [[Butterworth Outer Ring Road]] (BORR) and the [[Butterworth–Kulim Expressway|Butterworth-Kulim Expressway]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=Annual Report 2021 |url=https://www.llm.gov.my/documents/PublishDoc/pub_1689341195.pdf |journal=Highway Authority Malaysia }}</ref>

In addition, the [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu]] (KTM) [[KTM West Coast railway line|West Coast Line]] runs through Seberang Perai, with the [[Butterworth railway station]] serving as the principal terminal in northwestern Malaysia.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |date=Aug 1979 |title=Urban Transport Study in Greater Metropolitan Areas of George Town, Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam, Malaysia: Progress Report (Phase 1) |url=https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/10597219.pdf |journal=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]]}}</ref> Aside from regular KTM services, Butterworth is also one of the main stops of the [[Eastern and Oriental Express|Eastern and Oriental Express service]] between [[Bangkok]] and [[Singapore]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cripps |first=Karla |date=14 July 2023 |title=Famed luxury train is returning to Southeast Asia with two new routes |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/eastern-and-oriental-express-belmond-singapore-malaysia/index.html |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> [[Penang Sentral]] is the main transit hub within Penang, located in close proximity to the [[Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry Terminal]] and the Butterworth railway station.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2022 |title=Seamless public transportation at Penang Sentral soon |url=https://thesun.my/local_news/seamless-public-transportation-at-penang-sentral-soon-BE9969131 |access-date=17 December 2023 |work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] }}</ref>

Excluding toll routes, Penang's road system covered a distance of {{Convert|6725.1|km|abbr=on}} {{As of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.jkr.gov.my/sites/default/files/upload/BUKU%20STATISTIK%20JALAN%20EDISI%202024_FINAL%20%281%29.pdf |title=Statistik Jalan Edisi 2024 |publisher=[[Malaysian Public Works Department]] |year=2024 |pages=151–227 |language=ms |trans-title=Road Statistics 2024 Edition}}</ref> Within George Town, the [[Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway]] is a coastal highway that runs along the city's eastern seaboard, connecting the [[Central George Town, Penang|city centre]] with the Penang Bridge, the [[Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone]] and the Second Penang Bridge.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=THE PROPOSED PAN ISLAND LINK 1 HIGHWAY PROJECT, PENANG |url=https://enviro2.doe.gov.my/ekmc/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/WSB-SRS-CHAPTER-10-PIL1-Rev05-STUDY-FINDINGS-19-4-18-SRS.pdf |journal=SRS Consortium }}</ref> The [[Malaysia Federal Route 6|Federal Route 6]] is a pan-island trunk road that circles the city, while the [[George Town Inner Ring Road]] serves as the main thoroughfare within the city centre.<ref name="jkr">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Statistik Jalan (Edisi 2013) |date=2013 |publisher=[[Malaysian Public Works Department]] |location=Kuala Lumpur |pages=16–64 |issn=1985-9619 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mak Hoy Ken |first=Tan Ee Zhio |date=3 December 2014 |title=Penang Transport Master Plan: Convergence of Connectivity and Rising Land Values |url=http://cdn1.i3investor.com/my/files/dfgs88n/2014/12/03/1481920274--1115941318.pdf |journal=AmResearch }}</ref>

====Public transportation====
[[File:Funicular to the top of the Penang Hill, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia.JPG|thumb|The [[Penang Hill Railway]], Malaysia's only funicular railway system, ascends slopes that are said to be the steepest in the world at an angle of 27.9°.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeremy Tan |date=25 October 2023 |title=Funicular Railway is Penang's Symbol of Achievement |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2023/10/25/states-symbol-of-achievement |access-date=10 December 2023 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] }}</ref>]]{{See also|List of bus routes in Penang|Cycling in Penang Island|Trolleybuses in George Town, Penang}}
Under British rule, [[George Town, Penang|George Town]] was a pioneer in public transportation within [[British Malaya|Malaya]]. The city's first tram system, originally powered by steam, began operations in the 1880s, but the trams became obsolete by 1936.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Francis|2006|p=10 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Francis|2006|p=39 }}</ref> The [[Cycle rickshaw|trishaw]] from the colonial era still plies the city's streets, catering primarily to tourists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penang Institute's 'Back to Beca' Project out to Safeguard the Trade |url=https://penanginstitute.org/happenings/in-the-mass-media/862-penang-institute-s-back-to-beca-project-out-to-safeguard-the-trade/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Penang Institute }}</ref>

[[Transit bus|Public buses]] form the backbone of public transportation in Penang. Established in 2007, [[Rapid Penang]] is the state's main public transport operator, with 47 active routes throughout the [[George Town Conurbation]] including interstate routes into the neighbouring towns of [[Sungai Petani]], [[Kulim District|Kulim]] and [[Kerian District|Kerian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapid Penang - Bus |url=https://myrapid.com.my/bus-train/rapid-penang/rapid-pg-bus/ |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=MyRapid |language=en-US }}</ref> Since 2024, Rapid Penang has introduced [[Demand-responsive transport|demand-responsive transport services]] within the state, utilising vans to address [[Last mile (transportation)|last mile connectivity]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Opalyn Mok |date=24 April 2025 |title=Rapid Penang Rolls Out On-Demand Vans in George Town, Jelutong and Bayan Lepas from This Saturday to Tackle Congestion |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2025/04/24/rapid-penang-rolls-out-on-demand-vans-in-george-town-jelutong-and-bayan-lepas-from-this-saturday-to-tackle-congestion/174320 |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=[[Malay Mail]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=McIntyre |first=Ian |date=19 August 2024 |title=Penang to Introduce E-Hailing Van Service to Ease Traffic Congestion |url=https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/103166/penang-to-introduce-e-hailing-van-service-to-ease-traffic-congestion |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The Vibes}}</ref>

The only rail-based transportation system within Penang is the century-old [[Penang Hill Railway]], a funicular service to the peak of [[Penang Hill]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=[[Joshua Woo Sze Zeng]] |date=9 July 2020 |title=Exploring a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Framework for Penang's Urban Growth |url=https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Exploring-Transit-Oriented-Development-Framework-for-Penang.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Penang Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227151848/https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Exploring-Transit-Oriented-Development-Framework-for-Penang.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2023 |access-date=27 December 2023 }}</ref> A [[Penang Hill cable car|cable car system is being constructed]] {{As of|2025|lc=y}} to reduce overreliance on the railway.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Lo |first=Tern Chern |date=31 December 2024 |title=Infrastructure Projects Shaping Penang's Future |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2024/12/31/infrastructure-projects-shaping-penangs-future |access-date=1 January 2025 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref> The [[Government of Penang|Penang state government]] has also planned to introduce [[Urban rail transit|urban rail]] throughout the state as part of the [[Penang Transport Master Plan]]. In 2024, the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian federal government]] assumed control of the [[Mutiara line|Mutiara LRT line]] from the state government. Spanning a distance of {{Convert|29.5|km|abbr=on}}, the line is the first domestic [[Light rail|light rail system]] outside the [[Klang Valley]], and will link the cities of George Town and [[Seberang Perai]].<ref name="The Sun-2024">{{Cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=Loke: Federal Gov't Takes Over Penang LRT Mutiara Line Project from State Gov't |url=https://thesun.my/local_news/loke-federal-gov-t-takes-over-penang-lrt-mutiara-line-project-from-state-gov-t-JG12275905 |access-date=29 March 2024 |work=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]] }}</ref> Construction commenced in 2025 and is expected to be complete by 2031.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hilmy |first=Imran |date=11 January 2025 |title=PM Anwar Officiates Penang's Mutiara Line LRT Project Groundbreaking Ceremony |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/01/11/pm-anwar-officiates-penang039s-mutiara-line-lrt-project-groundbreaking-ceremony |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref>

To promote urban mobility, pedestrian and cycling infrastructure throughout the state are also being upgraded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Opalyn Mok |date=1 March 2018 |title=Penang Streetscapes to be More Pedestrian Friendly, Says Exco |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/03/01/penang-streetscapes-to-be-more-pedestrian-friendly-says-exco/1588225 |access-date=27 December 2023 |work=[[Malay Mail]] }}</ref><ref name="Chan-2017b">{{Cite news |last=Lilian Chan |date=8 February 2017 |title=Penang to be First Cycling State |url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/ |work=Buletin Mutiara }}</ref> In 2016, George Town became the first city in Malaysia to operate a [[Bicycle-sharing system|public bicycle-sharing service]] with the inauguration of [[LinkBike]].<ref name="Chan-2017a">{{Cite news |last=Lilian Chan |date=8 February 2017 |title=Penang to be First Cycling State |url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-to-be-first-cycling-state/ |work=Buletin Mutiara }}</ref>