Editing Palace of Versailles (section)

==Estate of Versailles==
[[File:Plan général de Versailles, son parc, son Louvre, ses jardins, ses fontaines, ses bosquets et sa ville par N de Fer 1700 - Gallica 2012 (adjusted).jpg|thumb|The palace, park, and gardens of Versailles around 1700, mapped by [[Nicolas de Fer]] and engraved by Charles Inselin. North is to the right.|alt=A map of the grounds of the Palace of Versailles around 1700]]

The estate of Versailles consists of the palace, the [[Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles|subsidiary buildings]] around it, and {{ill|Park of Versailles|fr|Parc de Versailles|lt=its park}} and [[Gardens of Versailles|gardens]]. As of June 2021, the estate altogether covers an area of {{convert|800|ha|km2+acre}},{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Estate}} with the park and gardens laid out to the south, west, and north of the palace.{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=29}} The palace is approached from the east by the [[Paris Avenue (Versailles)|Avenue de Paris]], measuring {{convert|17|mi|order=flip}} from Paris to a gate between the [[Grande Écurie|Grande]] and [[Petite Écurie|Petite Écuries]].{{sfn|Walton|1986|pp=13, 15}} Beyond these stables is the [[Place d'Armes (Versailles)|Place d'Armes]],{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=37}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=18}} where the Avenue de Paris meets the [[Avenue de Sceaux]] and [[Avenue de Saint-Cloud (Versailles)|Avenue de Saint-Cloud]] (see map), the three roads that formed the main arteries of the city of Versailles.{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=54}}{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=8}} Exactly where the three roads meet is a gate leading into the ''[[cour d'honneur]]'',{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=17}} hemmed in by the [[Ministers' Wings]].{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=37}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=18}} Beyond is the [[The Royal Gate of the Palace of Versailles|Royal Gate]] and the main palace,{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=18}} which wraps around the {{ill|Royal Courtyard (Versailles)|fr|Cour royale (Versailles)|lt=Royal}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=38}} and finally {{ill|Marble Court|fr|Cour de Marbe|lt=Marble Courts}}.{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=19}}

The estate was established by Louis XIII as a hunting retreat,{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=2}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=44}} with a park just to the west of his château.{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=3}} From 1661, Louis XIV expanded the estate until,{{sfn|Hoog|1996|pp=371–72}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|pp=19–20}} at its greatest extent, the estate was made up by the {{ill|Grand Parc|fr|Grand parc de chasse de Louis XIV}}, a hunting ground of {{convert|15,000|ha|km2+acre}},{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=44}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=29}} and the gardens, called the Petit Parc,{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=29}} which covered {{convert|1700|ha|km2+acre}}. A {{convert|25|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|order=flip}}, {{convert|10|ft|m|0|adj=mid|-high|order=flip}} wall with 24 gateways enclosed the estate.{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=44}}

The landscape of the estate had to be created from the bog that surrounded Louis XIII's château using landscape architecture usually employed in fortress building.{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=29}} The approach to the palace and the gardens were carefully laid out via the moving of earth and construction of terraces.{{Sfn|Walton|1986|p=55}}{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Gardens}} The water from the marsh was marshalled into a series of lakes and ponds around Versailles,{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=30}} but these reservoirs were not sufficient for the palace, city, or gardens. Great lengths were taken to supply Versailles with water, such as the damming of the river [[Bièvre (river)|Bièvre]] to create an [[Inflow (hydrology)|inflow]] in the 1660s, the construction of an [[Machine de Marly|enormous pumping station]] at the river [[Seine]] near [[Marly-le-Roi]] in 1681, and an attempt to divert water from the river [[Eure (river)|Eure]] with [[Canal de l'Eure|a canal]] in the later 1680s.{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=16–17}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=30–31}}

===Gardens===
{{Main article|Gardens of Versailles}}
[[File:Gardens of Versailles, 22 June 2014 001.jpg|thumb|View of the gardens of Versailles, looking northwest from the palace|alt=Image of a portion of the gardens of Versailles seen from in front of the palace's garden façade]]

The gardens of Versailles, as they have existed since the reign of Louis XIV, are the work of [[André Le Nôtre]]. Le Nôtre's gardens were preceded by a simple garden laid out in the 1630s by landscape architects [[Jacques Boyceau]] and Jacques de Nemours,{{sfn|Hoog|1996|pp=369, 371–72}} which he rearranged along an east–west axis that,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: André Le Nôtre}} because of Louis XIV's land purchases and the clearing of woodland,{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=4}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=29}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=29}} were expanded literally as far as could be seen.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: André Le Nôtre}} The resulting gardens were a collaboration between Le Nôtre, Le Brun, Colbert, and Louis XIV,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Gardens}} marked by rigid order, discipline,{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=4}} and open space, with axial paths, [[flowerbeds]], [[hedge]]s, and ponds and lakes as motifs.{{sfn|UNESCO: Palace and Park of Versailles}} They became the epitome of the [[French formal garden]] style,{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=46}} and have been very influential and widely imitated or reproduced.{{sfn|UNESCO: Palace and Park of Versailles}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=29}}

===Subsidiary structures===
{{Main|Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles}}
[[File:Château de Versailles (Orangerie).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Versailles Orangery]]]]

The first of the subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles was the {{ill|Versailles Menagerie|fr|Ménagerie royale de Versailles}},{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=33}}{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Ménagerie}} built by Le Vau between the years 1662 and 1664,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Ménagerie}} at the southern end of the Grand Canal.{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=33}} The apartments, overlooking the pens,{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=54}}{{sfn|Walton|1986|pp=33, 55}} were renovated by Hardouin-Mansart from 1698 to 1700,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Ménagerie}} but the Menagerie fell into disuse in 1712.{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=33}}{{efn|The animals of the Menagerie, abandoned after the Revolution, were moved to Paris and became the foundation of the menagerie of the [[Jardin des Plantes]], the second-oldest public zoo in the world.<ref>Deligeorges, Gady, Labalette, "Le Jardin des Plantes et le Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" (2004), p. 58</ref>}} After a long period of decay, it was demolished in 1801.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Ménagerie}} The [[Versailles Orangery]], just to the south of the palace,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Orangery}} was first built by Le Vau in 1663,{{sfn|Jones|2018|pp=23–24}} originally as part of the general moving of earth to create the Estate.{{sfn|Walton|1986|p=55}} It was also modified by Mansart, who, from 1681 to 1685, totally rebuilt it and doubled its size.{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=107}}

In late 1679,{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=143}} Louis XIV commissioned Mansart to build the [[Château de Marly]],{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=15}} a retreat at the edge of Versailles's estate, about {{convert|5|mi|order=flip}} from the palace.{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=51}} The château consisted of a primary residential building and twelve pavilions, in [[Palladian style]]{{sfn|Berger|1994|pp=143–44}} placed in two rows on either side of the main building.{{sfn|Base Mérimée: Domaine national de Marly}} Construction was completed in 1686,{{sfn|Spawforth|2008|p=15}}{{sfn|Base Mérimée: Château royal de Marly}} when Louis XIV spent his first night there.{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=143}} The château was nationalized and sold in 1799,{{sfn|Base Mérimée: Domaine national de Marly}} and subsequently demolished and replaced with industrial buildings. These were themselves demolished in 1805,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Estate of Marly}} and then in 1811 the estate was purchased by Napoleon.{{sfn|Base Mérimée: Domaine national de Marly}}{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Estate of Marly}} On 1 June 2009, the grounds of the Château de Marly were ceded to the Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Estate of Marly}}

[[La Lanterne (Versailles)|La Lanterne]], is a hunting lodge named after the lantern that topped the nearby Menagerie that was built in 1787 by [[Philippe Louis de Noailles]], then the palace governor. It has since 1960 been a state residence.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Ménagerie}}

=== Petit Trianon ===
{{Main article|Petit Trianon}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
File:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 124.jpg|Aerial view of the Petit Trianon and its gardens
File:West facade of Petit Trianon 002.JPG|West façade of the [[Petit Trianon]]
File:Parc du Château de Versailles - Le Pavillon Français.jpg|The French Pavilion of the Petit Trianon
File:Chateau de Versailles - Belvedere 22-04-2005.jpg|The [[Belvédère (Petit Trianon)|Belvedere]] in the park of the Petit Trianon
</gallery>

The Petit Trianon, whose construction from 1762 to 1768{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=373}} led to the advent of the names "Grand" and "Petit Trianon",{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Petit Trianon}} was constructed for Louis XV and the Madame du Barry in the Neoclassical style by Gabriel.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Trianon}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=70}} The building has a ''[[piano nobile]]'', basement, and attic,{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=373}} with five windows on each floor.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Petit Trianon}} On becoming king, Louis XVI gave the Petit Trianon to Marie Antoinette, who remodeled it, relaid its gardens in the then-current [[English landscape garden|English]] and Oriental styles,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Petit Trianon}}{{sfn|Hoog|1996|pp=373–74}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=76}} and formed her own court there.{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=76}}

In 1668,{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=372}} Louis XIV purchased and demolished the hamlet of Trianon,{{sfn|Jones|2018|p=24}} near the northern tip of the Grand Canal,{{Sfn|Berger|1994|p=68}} and in its place, he commissioned Le Vau to construct a retreat from court,{{Sfn|Berger|1994|p=68}}{{sfn|Baghdiantz-MacCabe|2008|p=214}} remembered as the [[Trianon de Porcelaine|Porcelain Trianon]]. Designed and built by Le Vau in 1670,{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=372}}{{Sfn|Berger|1994|pp=26, 68}} it was the first example of ''[[Chinoiserie]]'' (faux Chinese) architecture in Europe, though it was largely designed in French style.{{sfn|Baghdiantz-MacCabe|2008|p=215}}{{Sfn|Berger|1994|pp=68, 118}} The roof was clad not with [[porcelain]] but with [[delftware]],{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=372}}{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=68}}{{sfn|Baghdiantz-MacCabe|2008|p=215}} and was thus prone to leaks,{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=118}} so in 1687 Louis XIV ordered it demolished.{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=372}} Nevertheless, the Porcelain Trianon was itself influential and copycats were built across Europe.{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=68}}{{sfn|Baghdiantz-MacCabe|2008|pp=216, 219}}

===The Grand Trianon ===
{{Main article|Grand Trianon}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="170">
Le Grand Trianon vu d'avion le 26 août 2014 - 03.jpg|The [[Grand Trianon]] with courtyard and gardens. The wing at left is a residence of the [[President of France]].
File:Trianon1.jpg|The [[Grand Trianon]] 
File:The Grand Trianon Castle Interios.JPG|Interior of the [[Grand Trianon]] 
File:Théâtre de la Reine - salle et scène.jpg|The [[Théâtre de la Reine|Queen's Theatre]]
</gallery>
To replace the Porcelain Trianon,{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=118}} Louis XIV tasked Hardouin-Mansart with the construction in 1687 of the [[Grand Trianon]], built from marble in three months.{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=372}} The Grand Trianon has a single story, except for its attached service wing,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Grand Trianon}}{{sfn|Berger|1994|pp=118–19}} which was modified by Hardouin-Mansart in 1705–06.{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=119}} The east façade has a courtyard while the west faces the gardens of the Grand Trianon, and between them a [[peristyle]].{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Grand Trianon}}{{sfn|Berger|1994|p=119}} The interiors are mostly original,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Trianon}} and housed Louis XIV, the Madame de Maintenon, Marie Leszczyńska, and Napoleon, who ordered restorations to the building. Under [[Charles de Gaulle]], the north wing of the Grand Trianon became a residence of the President of France.{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Grand Trianon}}

===The Queen's hamlet and Theatre===
[[File:Marie Antoinette amusement at Versailles.JPG|thumb|The Queen's Hamlet]]
Near the Trianons are the [[French pavilion]], built by Gabriel in 1750 between the two residences, and the [[Théâtre de la Reine|Queen's Theatre]] and [[Hameau de la Reine|Queen's Hamlet]], built by architect [[Richard Mique]] in 1780 and from 1783 to 1785 respectively. These were both built at the behest of Marie Antoinette;{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=374}} the theatre, hidden in the gardens, indulged her appreciation of opera and is absolutely original,{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Trianon}} and the hamlet to extend her gardens with rustic amenities.{{sfn|Hoog|1996|p=374}}{{sfn|Palace of Versailles: Queen's Hamlet}}{{sfn|Jones|2018|pp=76–79}} The building scheme of the Queen's Hamlet includes a farmhouse (the farm was to produce milk and eggs for the queen), a dairy, a dovecote, a boudoir, a barn that burned down during the French Revolution, a mill and a tower in the form of a lighthouse.