Editing Organized crime (section)

===White-collar crime and corruption===
{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}
{{main|White-collar crime|corruption}}

====Corporate crime====
{{main|Corporate crime}}
Corporate crime refers to crimes committed either by a [[corporation]] (i.e., a [[business entity]] having a separate legal personality from the [[natural person]]s that manage its activities), or by individuals that may be identified with a corporation or other business entity (see [[vicarious liability (criminal)|vicarious liability]] and [[corporate liability]]).  Corporate crimes are motivated by either the individuals desire or the corporations desire to increase profits.<ref name="Social Class and Crime">{{Cite web|url=https://revisesociology.com/tag/corporate-crime/|title=corporate crime|website=ReviseSociology|date=19 July 2021 }}</ref>  The cost of corporate crimes to United States taxpayers is about $500 billion.<ref name="Social Class and Crime"/>  Note that some forms of corporate corruption may not actually be criminal if they are not specifically illegal under a given system of laws. For example, some jurisdictions allow [[insider trading]]. The different businesses that organized crime figures have been known to operate is vast, including but not limited to pharmacies, [[import-export companies]], [[Check-cashing business|check-cashing stores]], tattoo parlors, zoos, online dating sites, liquor stores, motorcycle shops, banks, hotels, ranches and plantations, electronic stores, beauty salons, [[real estate company|real estate companies]], daycares, [[Picture frame|framing stores]], taxicab companies, phone companies, shopping malls, jewelry stores, modeling agencies, dry cleaners, pawn shops, [[pool hall]]s, clothing stores, [[Freight company|freight companies]], [[Charity (practice)|charity foundations]], youth centers, recording studios, sporting goods stores, furniture stores, gyms, insurance companies, [[Security company|security companies]], [[law firms]], and [[private military companies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.leadershipgirl.com/white-collar-crime-affect-your-company/|title = Business Finances: How White Collar Crime Can Affect Your Company - Leadership Girl|date = 23 May 2017}}</ref>  One example of this is a tequila factory in Mexico collaborating with the organized crime group CJNG. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dalby |first=Chris |date=2020-06-10 |title=Mexico's Criminal Groups and Tequila Industry Continue Thorny Relationship |url=https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/mexico-criminal-groups-tequila/#:~:text=The%20CJNG%20is%20far%20from,this%20may%20not%20be%20enough. |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=InSight Crime |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Labor racketeering<!--'Labor racketeering' redirects here-->====
'''Labor racketeering'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA-->, as defined by the United States Department of Labor, is the infiltrating, exploiting, and controlling of employee benefit plan, union, employer entity, or workforce that is carried out through illegal, violent, or fraudulent means for profit or personal benefit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oig.dol.gov/laborracprogram.htm|title=Office of Inspector General - U.S. Department of Labor|website=www.oig.dol.gov|access-date=2019-11-01}}</ref> Labor racketeering has developed since the 1930s, affecting national and international construction, mining, energy production and transportation<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/315/521/|title=United States v. Teamsters Local 807, 315 U.S. 521 (1942)|website=Justia Law}}</ref> sectors immensely.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jacobs & Peters|title=Labor Racketeering: The Mafia and the Unions|journal=Crime and Justice|date=2003|volume=30|pages=229–282|jstor=1147700|doi=10.1086/652232|s2cid=147774257}}</ref> Activity has focused on the importation of cheap or [[unfree labor]], involvement with union and public officials ([[political corruption]]), and [[counterfeiting]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Siegel & Nelen|title=Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies|date=2008|publisher=Springer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9i0bPHB6HdMC&q=organised+crime+nelen|isbn=9780387747330}}</ref>

====Political corruption====
{{main|Political corruption}}
Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Buscaglia, Edgardo|title= On Best and Not So Good Practices for Addressing High-level Corruption Worldwide: An Empirical Assessment. Chapter 16 |date=2011|publisher=Elgar|isbn= 9780857936523 |url= https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781849802512.00027.xml}}</ref> Misuse of [[government]] power for other purposes, such as [[Political repression|repression]] of political opponents and general [[police brutality]], is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by private persons or corporations not directly involved with the government. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties. Forms of corruption vary, but include [[bribery]], [[extortion]], [[cronyism]], [[nepotism]], [[patronage]], [[Graft (politics)|graft]], and [[embezzlement]]. While corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as [[drug trafficking]], [[money laundering]], and [[human trafficking]], it is not restricted to these activities. The activities that constitute illegal corruption differ depending on the country or jurisdiction. For instance, certain political funding practices that are legal in one place may be illegal in another. In some cases, government officials have broad or poorly defined powers, which make it difficult to distinguish between legal and illegal actions. Worldwide, bribery alone is estimated to involve over 1 trillion US dollars annually.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6288400.stm African corruption 'on the wane'], 10 July 2007, [[BBC News]]</ref><ref>[https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/vertical-integration-organised-crime-linked-political-corruption The Vertical Integration of Organised Crime Linked to Political Corruption], 10 December 2017, [[Edgardo Buscaglia]]</ref> A state of unrestrained political corruption is known as a [[kleptocracy]], literally meaning "rule by thieves".