Editing New Urbanism (section)

===Other countries===
New Urbanism is closely related to the [[Urban village]] movement in Europe. They both occurred at similar times and share many of the same principles although urban villages has an emphasis on traditional city planning. In Europe many brown-field sites have been redeveloped since the 1980s following the models of the traditional city neighbourhoods rather than Modernist models. One well-publicized example is [[Poundbury]] in England, a suburban extension to the town of Dorchester, which was built on land owned by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]] under the overview of [[Prince Charles]]. The original masterplan was designed by [[Leon Krier]]. A report carried out after the first phase of construction found a high degree of satisfaction by residents, although the aspirations to reduce [[car dependency]] had not been successful. Rising house prices and a perceived premium have made the open market housing unaffordable for many local people.<ref name="poundbury">WATSON, G., BENTLEY, I., ROAF, S. and SMITH, P., 2004. Learning from Poundbury, Research for the West Dorset District Council and the Duchy of Cornwall. Oxford Brookes University.</ref>

The Council for European Urbanism (CEU), formed in 2003, shares many of the same aims as the U.S.'s New Urbanists. CEU's Charter is a development of the [[Congress for the New Urbanism]] Charter revised and reorganised to relate better to European conditions. An Australian organisation, Australian Council for New Urbanism has since 2001 run conferences and events to promote New Urbanism in that country. A [[New Zealand Urban Design Protocol]] was created by the Ministry for the Environment in 2005.

There are many developments around the world that follow New Urbanist principles to a greater or lesser extent:

====Europe====
[[File:Queen Mother SQUARE, Poundbury, Dorset.jpg|thumb|The town of [[Poundbury]] in England, constructed in the New Urbanism form from 1988–present]]
[[File:Serrisplacetoscaneserris.jpg|thumb|''Place de Toscane'' in [[Serris, Seine-et-Marne|Serris]], France, designed by [[New Classical Architecture|new classical]] architect [[Pier Carlo Bontempi]] in 2002]]

*[[Le Plessis-Robinson]], a 21st-century example of [[New classical architecture|neo-traditionalism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetizen.com/node/57600|title=Le Plessis-Robinson: A Model for Smart Growth|work=Planetizen: The independent resource for people passionate about planning and related fields}}</ref> in the south-west of Paris. This city is in the process of transforming itself, destroying old modern blocklike buildings and replacing them with traditional buildings and houses in one of the biggest worldwide projects with Val d'Europe. In 2008 the city was nominated best architectural project of the European Union.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jeunesarchi.com/ |title=Jeunesarchi.com |website=www.jeunesarchi.com |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070718100847/http://www.jeunesarchi.com/ |archive-date=18 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Poundbury]], in Dorset, England, is a neotraditionalist urban extension focussed on high quality urban realm and the expression of traditional modes of urban or village life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/design/behind-the-facade-of-prince-charless-poundbury_o|title=Behind the Façade of Prince Charles's Poundbury|date=2013-12-03|newspaper=Architect|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
* [[Tornagrain]], between Inverness and Nairn, Scotland, The design is based on the architectural and planning traditions of the Highlands and the rest of Scotland.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tornagrain.com/|website=www.tornagrain.com|access-date=2023-09-21|title=Tornagrain}}</ref>
*[[Val d'Europe]], east of Paris, France. Developed by [[Disneyland Resort Paris]], this town is a kind of European counterpart to Walt Disney World Celebration City.
*[[Jakriborg]], in Southern [[Sweden]], is a recent example of the New Urbanist movement.
*[[Brandevoort]], in [[Helmond]], in the [[Netherlands]], is a new example of the New Urbanist movement.
*''Sankt Eriksområdet'' quarter in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]], built in the 1990s.
*Other developments can be found at Heulebrug, part of [[Knokke-Heist]], in [[Belgium]], and Fonti di Matilde in [[:it:San Bartolomeo (Reggio Emilia)|San Bartolomeo]] (outside of [[Reggio Emilia]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interactive.wttw.com/bontempi/selected-works|title=Bontempi Selected Works|work=WTTW Chicago Public Media – Television and Interactive|date=2014-03-13}}</ref> [[Italy]].
*[[Kartanonkoski]], in [[Vantaa]], [[Finland]], is the only example of neotraditional architecture in Finland implemented on a larger scale. The area has around 4000 inhabitants and its architecture has been mainly influenced by [[Nordic Classicism]].
*[[Vauban,_Freiburg|Vauban]] and its surrounding city [[Freiburg]] serve as centers for innovation integrating solar roofs, carbon neutral buildings, [[Passivhaus]], and point-access block single-exit apartment blocks into the fabric of New Urbanist architecture and neighborhoods.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/science/earth/12suburb.html|title=In German Suburb, Life Goes On Without Cars |newspaper=New York Times|date=2009-05-11}}</ref>

====Americas====
[[File:05 Ciudad Cayala Front View.jpg|thumb|Ciudad Cayala in [[Guatemala City]], Guatemala, founded in 2011]]

*[[Mahogany Bay Village, Belize]], is {{convert|24|ha|acre|adj=on}} New Urbanist community on Ambergris Caye, Belize. 
*[[Orchid Bay, Belize]], is one of the largest New Urbanist projects in Central America and the Caribbean.
*[[Las Catalinas, Costa Rica]], is a coastal town in the [[Guanacaste Province]] of Northwest [[Costa Rica]]. Envisioned as a compact, walkable beach town, Las Catalinas was founded in 2006 by [[Charles Brewer (businessman)|Charles Brewer]] and incorporates many of the principles of New Urbanism.
*[[McKenzie Towne, Calgary|McKenzie Towne]] is a New Urbanist development which commenced in 1995 by [[Carma Developers]] LP in [[Calgary]].
*[[Cornell, Ontario|Cornell]], within the city of [[Markham, Ontario]], was designed with walkable neighborhoods, density to support public transit, a variety of housing types and retail.<ref>
{{cite magazine |url= http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj06/indepth/communities.asp |title= Is new urbanism the answer to suburbia's dying communities? |magazine= Canadian Geographic |access-date= 2011-01-31 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101117025306/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj06/indepth/communities.asp |archive-date= 2010-11-17 }}</ref>
*New Amherst is a new urbanist development in the town of [[Cobourg, Ontario]].
*[[UniverCity]], beside the [[Simon Fraser University]] campus on Burnaby Mountain in [[Burnaby]], [[British Columbia]], is a sustainable community that is designed to be walkable, dense, and well connected to public transit networks.
*[[Mount Pleasant GO Station|Mount Pleasant Village]] in the city of [[Brampton]], [[Ontario]] was designed as a mixed-use neighbourhood surrounding a train station and with a central square.

====Asia====
[[File:Traffic along Lornie Road, Singapore - 20130728.JPG|thumb|Traffic along Lornie Road, [[Singapore]]]]
*The structure plan for [[Thimphu]], [[Bhutan]], follows [[Principles of Intelligent Urbanism]], which share underlying axioms with the New Urbanism.

====Africa====
There are several such developments in South Africa. The most notable is [[Melrose Arch]] in [[Johannesburg]]. [[Triple Point (East London)|Triple Point]] is a comparable mixed-use development in [[East London, Eastern Cape|East London]], in [[Eastern Cape]] province. The development, announced in 2007, comprises 30&nbsp;hectares. It is made up of three apartment complexes together with over 30 residential sites as well as 20,000 sq&nbsp;m of residential and office space. The development is valued at over R2&nbsp;billion ($250&nbsp;million).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.eprop.co.za/news/item/9127-East-London-gets-own-Melrose-Arch.html |title="EAST LONDON GETS OWN MELROSE ARCH", ''eProp.co.za, 12 December 2007 |access-date=2013-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427102550/http://www.eprop.co.za/news/item/9127-East-London-gets-own-Melrose-Arch.html |archive-date=2015-04-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There have been cases where market forces of urban decay are confused with new urbanism in [https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/ African cities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144749/https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/ |date=2018-09-07 }}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/|title=Debunking New Urbanism in Harare|last=Muzenda|first=Archimedes|date=2017-07-12|publisher=African Urban Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144749/https://www.africaurban.org/debunking-new-urbanism-harare/|archive-date=2018-09-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> This has led to a form of suburban mixed-use development that does not promote walkability.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2016/08/25/in-search-of-a-new-african-urbanism/|title=In search of a new African urbanism {{!}} Infrastructure news|website=www.infrastructurene.ws|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-07|archive-date=2017-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531172205/http://www.infrastructurene.ws/2016/08/25/in-search-of-a-new-african-urbanism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.up.ac.za/media/shared/Legacy/sitefiles/file/44/1068/3229/9086/africanperspectives/pdf/papers/viana.pdf|title=African City: towards a new paradigm –"chameleonic" urbanism for hybrid cities|last=Viana|publisher=African Perspectives Conference Proceedings}}</ref>

====Australia====
Most new developments on the edges of Australia's major cities are master planned, often guided expressly by the principles of New Urbanism. The relationship between housing, activity centres, the transport network and key social infrastructure (sporting facilities, libraries, community centres etc.) is defined at structure planning stage.<ref name="tandfonline.com"/>
*Jindee, [[Western Australia]], a new coastal development north of [[Perth]] which has been designed using Smart Code.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jindee |url=https://studiolfa.com/project/jindee |website=Studio LFA |access-date=13 January 2022}}</ref> 
*Tullimbar Village, [[New South Wales]], is a new development which follows the principles of New Urbanism.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Tullimbar Village :: Wollongong NSW :: Contemporary Lifestyle Community|url = http://www.tullimbarvillage.com.au|website = www.tullimbarvillage.com.au|access-date = 2015-05-29|first = Screen|last = Art|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031048/http://www.tullimbarvillage.com.au/|archive-date = 2015-05-01|url-status = dead}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2017}}{{primary source inline|date=December 2017}}

Another important factor or principle of New Urbanism that guides Australia's major cities is how good their foot circulation seems to be which is guided by the wayfinding systems that are implemented. Kenneth B. Hall Jr. and Gerald A. Porterfield said in their book, "Community by Design," the way to gain good circulation is to take some thoughtful consideration to things like wayfinding, sight lines, transition, visual clues, and reference points.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Community by Design|last=Hall|first=Kenneth B.|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc|others=Gerald A. Porterfield|year=2001|pages=97|isbn=007141794X}}</ref> Circulation design should work to create an interesting and informative system that utilizes subtle elements as well as technical ones.<ref name=":0" /> City of Port Philip, Australia, is a good example of wayfinding where they have come up with a comprehensive pedestrian signage system, specifically for their local areas of St Kilda, South Melbourne and Port Melbourne.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.victoriawalks.org.au/wayfinding/|title=Case study - Wayfinding signage|website=www.victoriawalks.org.au|access-date=2018-04-28}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.studiobinocular.com/2013/02/city-of-port-phillip-wayfinding/|title=City of Port Phillip: Wayfinding - Studio Binocular|date=2013-02-09|work=Studio Binocular|access-date=2018-04-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032747/https://www.studiobinocular.com/2013/02/city-of-port-phillip-wayfinding/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The city's wayfinding system consists of 26 individually designed panels that are placed on some major streets such as St Kilda and St Kilda East, linking St Kilda Junction and Balaclava Station to the foreshore via Fitzroy, Carlisle and Acland Streets.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> City of Port Philip also created directional signage systems that makes use of the already existing street furniture such as trash cans to help provide for 130 directional indicators across Port Melbourne.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===== 20-minute neighbourhoods =====
[[Melbourne]] followed up a 2014 plan<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Stanley|first1=John|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274064812|title=Moving People: Connecting Neighbourhoods: The 20 minute city, Bus Industry Confederation Inc.|last2=Stanley|first2=Janet|last3=Davis|first3=Stephen|date=2015-03-23}}</ref> by launching 20-minute neighbourhoods in January 2018, aiming to provide for most daily needs within a 20-minute walk from home, together with safe cycling and public transport options.<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 minute neighbourhoods|url=https://www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/current-projects/20-minute-neighbourhoods|last=Department of Environment|first=Land|website=www.planmelbourne.vic.gov.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> Another definition has used the time taken to cycle, or take a bus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanley|first=John|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274075380|title=Connecting neighbourhoods: The 20 minute city. Bus and Coach Industry Policy paper 4|date=2015-03-25}}</ref> In Melbourne the concept was initiated in the suburbs of [[Croydon South, Victoria|Croydon South]], [[Strathmore, Victoria|Strathmore]], and [[Sunshine West, Victoria|Sunshine West]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=20-Minute Neighbourhoods|url=https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/428908/Creating-a-more-liveable-Melbourne.pdf|date=2019|website=Victoria State Government|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2023-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412032835/https://www.planning.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/428908/Creating-a-more-liveable-Melbourne.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The concept has since expanded to other cities, such as [[Singapore]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn't it top of the agenda?|url=http://theconversation.com/people-love-the-idea-of-20-minute-neighbourhoods-so-why-isnt-it-top-of-the-agenda-131193|last1=Stanley|first1=John|last2=Hansen|first2=Roz|website=The Conversation|date=19 February 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-05-01}}</ref> and [[Hamilton, New Zealand|Hamilton]] in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamilton Mode Shift Programme - 20 Minute City|url=https://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/covid-19/recovery-package/Documents/1.%20Hamilton%20Mode%20Shift%20Programme%20-%2020%20Minute%20City%20.pdf|date=March 2020|website=Hamilton City Council|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2021-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203231418/https://www.hamilton.govt.nz/our-city/covid-19/recovery-package/Documents/1.%20Hamilton%20Mode%20Shift%20Programme%20-%2020%20Minute%20City%20.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Critics have pointed out that Melbourne's plan excludes jobs and that a previous target for public transport use has been shelved.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is the "20-minute city" mostly spin? – The Urbanist|url=https://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2017/08/09/20-minute-city-mostly-spin/|website=blogs.crikey.com.au|access-date=2020-05-01|archive-date=2021-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517124111/https://blogs.crikey.com.au/theurbanist/2017/08/09/20-minute-city-mostly-spin/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The concept has been equated with [[Localism Act 2011|localism]].<ref name=":3" />

[[Dubai]] launched the 20-minute city project in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Rory |date=2022-12-12 |title=Dubai 2040 Urban Plan: Ruler sets out ambitions to create '20-minute city' |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2022/12/12/dubai-urban-plan-sheikh-mohammed-property/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The National |language=en}}</ref> where residents are able to access daily needs & destinations within 20 minutes by foot or bicycle. The plan involves placing 55% of the residents within 800 meters of mass transit stations, allowing them to reach 80% of their daily needs and destinations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dubai 2040 {{!}} The Dubai 2040 Urban Master Plan recognizes the significance of time in people's lives and acknowledges that effectively managing and utilizing time for commuting and meeting basic needs. |url=http://dubai2040.ae/en/projects-and-initiatives/the-20-minutes-city/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>