Editing Neoliberalism (section)

=== Middle East ===
Beginning in the late 1960s, a number of neoliberal reforms were implemented in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Over-stating the Arab state : politics and society in the Middle East |last=Ayubi |first=Nazih N. |date=1995 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]] |isbn=9781441681966 |location=London |pages=329–395 |oclc=703424952}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Arab State and Neo-liberal Globalization: the Restructuring of State Power in the Middle East |last=Laura |first=Guazzone |date=2009 |publisher=[[Garnet Publishing]] (UK) Ltd |isbn=9780863725104 |location=New York |oclc=887506789}}</ref> For instance, [[Egypt]] is frequently linked to the implementation of neoliberal policies, particularly with regard to the 'open-door' policies of President [[Anwar Sadat]] throughout the 1970s,<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: the political economy of two regimes |url=https://archive.org/details/egyptofnassersad0000wate |url-access=registration |last=Waterbury |first=John |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=9781400857357 |location=Princeton, New Jersey |oclc=889252154}}</ref> and [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s successive economic reforms between 1981 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The autumn of dictatorship: fiscal crisis and political change in Egypt under Mubarak |last1=Sulaymān |first1=Samīr |last2=Daniel |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780804777735 |location=Stanford, California |oclc=891400543}}</ref> These measures, known as ''[[Infitah|al-Infitah]]'', were later diffused across the region. In Tunisia, neoliberal economic policies are associated with former president and ''de facto'' dictator<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foreign Staff of the Telegraph |title=Tunisia's Ben Ali: Soldier who turned into dictator |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8586165/Tunisias-Ben-Ali-Soldier-who-turned-into-dictator.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/tunisia/8586165/Tunisias-Ben-Ali-Soldier-who-turned-into-dictator.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=July 5, 2019 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=June 20, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Zine El Abidine Ben Ali]];<ref>{{Cite book |title=Economic and political change in Tunisia: from Bourguiba to Ben Ali |last=Murphy |first=Emma |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] in association with [[University of Durham]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0312221423 |location=New York, N.Y. |oclc=40125756}}</ref> his reign made it clear that economic neoliberalism can coexist and even be encouraged by [[authoritarianism|authoritarian]] states.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2013 |title=The Other Side of a Neoliberal Miracle: Economic Reform and Political De-Liberalization in Ben Ali's Tunisia |doi=10.1080/13629395.2012.761475 |journal=[[Mediterranean Politics]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=23–41 |s2cid=154822868}}</ref> Responses to globalisation and economic reforms in the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|Gulf]] have also been approached via a neoliberal analytical framework.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Capitalism and class in the Gulf Arab states |last=Hanieh |first=Adam |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230119604 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=743800844}}</ref>