Editing Naturism (section)

=== Spain ===
[[File:Nude couple in Barcelona, Spain - 20070928.jpg|thumb|left |Couple walking naked in the streets of Barcelona, Spain]]
Public nudity in Spain is not illegal since there is no law banning its practice. Spanish legislation foresees felony for exhibitionism but restricts its scope to obscene exposure in front of children or mentally impaired individuals, i.e. with sexual connotation.{{Sfn|BOE|1995}}{{clarify|date=November 2019}} There are, however, some municipalities (like [[San Pedro del Pinatar, Spain|San Pedro del Pinatar]]) where public nudity has been banned by means of by-laws. Other municipalities (like Barcelona, Salou, Platja de Palma and Sant Antoni de Portmany) have used similar provisions to regulate partial nudity, requiring people to cover their torsos on the streets. Some naturist associations have appealed these by-laws on the grounds that a fundamental right ([[freedom of expression]], as they understand nudism to be self-expression) cannot be regulated with such a mechanism. Some courts have ruled in favour of nudist associations.{{Sfnm|1a1=EuropaPress|1y=2011 |2a1=Digital|2y=2014}} Nudism in Spain is normally practised by the seaside, on beaches or small coves with a tradition of naturism. In Vera, Spain, there is a wide residential area formed by nudist urbanisations. Nudist organisations may organise some activities elsewhere in inner territory.

Research was done on the island of [[Menorca]], where naturism is practiced at small, isolated beaches apart from the island's developed resorts. Not everyone on these beaches, even within a group, is nude, and both types of participants were interviewed. Most were white heterosexuals between the ages of 25 and 40 who live in cities such as Madrid or Barcelona. For them, being nude on a beach is about bodily sensations of sun, sea, and sand directly on the skin, not about cultural meanings or performance of bodily appearance. The behaviors that support the non-sexual definition of the situation work by downplaying the visual, most of all by not staring at others. It is also unacceptable for a person to actively seek the gaze of others. Naturists may see the decision not to be nude is holding on to the visual, and non-naturists may see beach nudity as a form of exhibitionism.{{sfn|Obrador-Pons|2007}}

Legal provisions regarding partial nudity (or toplessness) are analogous to those regarding full nudity, but social tolerance towards toplessness is higher. The law does not require women to cover their breasts in public swimming, or on any beach in Spain.{{Sfn|PARÍS|2017}} The governments of the municipalities of Galdakao and L'Ametlla del Vallès legalized female toplessness on their public pools in March 2016 and June 2018, respectively.{{Sfnm|1a1=Andueza|1y=2016 |2a1=Publico|2y=2018}}

Naturists were a prominent [[affinity group]] among [[anarchism in Spain|Spanish anarcho-syndicalists]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Guérin|title=Anarchism: From Theory to Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mZQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110|year=1970|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-1-58367-492-5|pages=110–}}</ref>