Editing Munich Agreement (section)

=="Ghost of Munich"==
In the United States and the United Kingdom, the words "Munich" and "appeasement" are frequently invoked when demanding forthright, often military, action to resolve an international crisis and characterising a political opponent who condemns negotiation as weakness.<ref>{{cite book|author=Yuen Foong Khong|title=Analogies at War: Korea, Munich, Dien Bien Phu, and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0irZ8O6jJt4C|year=1992|publisher=Princeton UP|pages=4–7|isbn=0691025355}}</ref> In 1950, US President [[Harry Truman]] invoked "Munich" to justify his military action in the [[Korean War]]: "The world learned from Munich that security cannot be bought by appeasement."<ref>[http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/The-Munich-Analogy-The-korean-war.html "The Munich Analogy: The Korean War"], ''Encyclopedia of the New American Nation''. Retrieved 11 January 2018.</ref> Many later crises were accompanied by cries of "Munich" from politicians and the media. In 1960, the [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] US Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] used "Munich" to describe a domestic political issue by saying that an attempt by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] to appeal to [[Liberalism in the United States|liberals]] was "the Munich of the Republican Party."<ref>{{cite news | title=The Conservative 1960s | date=December 1995 | magazine=The Atlantic | page=6 | first=Matthew | last=Dallek | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1995/12/the-conservative-1960s/376506/ | access-date=5 September 2020 }}</ref> In 1962, General [[Curtis LeMay]] told US President [[John F. Kennedy]] that his refusal to bomb [[Cuba]] during the [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] was "almost as bad as the appeasement at Munich", a pointed barb given that his father [[Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] had supported appeasement in general in his capacity as Ambassador to Britain.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dobbs|first=Michael|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/608213334|title=One minute to midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the brink of nuclear war|date=2008|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=9780307269362|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=608213334}}</ref><ref>Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (3 December 2013), [https://newrepublic.com/article/115803/munich-analogies-are-inaccurate-cliched-and-dangerous "On the Use and Abuse of Munich"]. Retrieved 11 January 2018</ref> In 1965, US President [[Lyndon Johnson]], in justifying increased military action in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], stated, "We learned from Hitler and Munich that success only feeds the appetite for aggression."<ref name="auto2">Logevall and Osgood (2010).</ref>

Citing Munich in debates on foreign policy has continued to be common in the 21st century.<ref>Jeffrey Record (2002), ''Making War, Thinking History: Munich, Vietnam, and Presidential Uses of Force from Korea to Kosovo''</ref> During negotiations for the [[Iran nuclear agreement]] mediated by [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[John Kerry]], Representative [[John Culberson]], a [[Republican Party of Texas|Texas Republican]] Representative, tweeted the message "Worse than Munich." Kerry had himself invoked Munich in a speech in France advocating military action in [[Syria]] by saying, "This is our Munich moment."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerry: 'This is our Munich moment'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-24004687|access-date=2021-10-04}}</ref>

"Munich and appeasement", in the words of scholars [[Fredrik Logevall]] and Kenneth Osgood, "have become among the dirtiest words in [[American politics]], synonymous with naivete and weakness, and signifying a craven willingness to barter away the nation's vital interests for empty promises." They claimed that the success of [[US foreign policy]] often depends upon a president withstanding "the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers." The presidents who challenged the "tyranny of Munich" have often achieved policy breakthroughs and those who had cited Munich as a principle of US foreign policy had often led the nation into its "most enduring tragedies."<ref name="auto2"/>

The [[West German]] policy of staying neutral in the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] after the [[Munich massacre]] and the following hijack of the [[Lufthansa Flight 615]] in 1972, rather than taking a pro-[[Israel]] position, led to Israeli comparisons with the Munich Agreement of appeasement.<ref name=sp_article>{{cite news|title=Deutsche Feigheit|url=http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=42765038&aref=image035/0542/PPM-SP197204601200122.pdf&thumb=false|access-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=[[Der Spiegel]]|date=11 November 1972|language=de|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019124318/http://wissen.spiegel.de/wissen/image/show.html?did=42765038&aref=image035%2F0542%2FPPM-SP197204601200122.pdf&thumb=false|archive-date=19 October 2013}}</ref>