Editing Mongolia (section)

=== Mineral industry ===
{{main|Mining in Mongolia}}
[[File:Oyu Tolgoi 23.JPG|thumb|[[Oyu Tolgoi]] employs 21,000 workers and produced 168,000 tons of copper in 2023.<ref name="Rio">{{cite web |title=Oyu Tolgoi |url=https://www.riotinto.com/en/operations/mongolia/oyu-tolgoi |website=Rio Tinto |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706045938/https://www.riotinto.com/en/Operations/mongolia/oyu-tolgoi |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Minerals represent more than 80% of Mongolia's exports, a proportion expected to eventually rise to 95%. Fiscal revenues from mining represented 21% of government income in 2010 and rose to 24% in 2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lkhagva |first1=Davaajargal |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Liu |first3=Changxin |date=2019-05-29 |title=Mining Booms and Sustainable Economic Growth in Mongolia—Empirical Result from Recursive Dynamic CGE Model |journal=Economies |volume=7 |issue=2 |page=51 |doi=10.3390/economies7020051 |issn=2227-7099 |doi-access=free|hdl=10419/256983 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Mongolian Statistical Yearbook 2018 |publisher=National Statistics Office of Mongolia |year=2018 |location=Ulan Bator}}</ref> About 3,000 mining licences have been issued.<ref name="econ-mam">{{Cite news |date=January 21, 2012 |title=Booming Mongolia: Mine, all mine |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/21543113/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121132118/http://www.economist.com/node/21543113 |archive-date=January 21, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Mining continues to rise as a major industry of Mongolia as evidenced by the number of Chinese, Russian and Canadian firms starting mining businesses in Mongolia.<ref name="cia" />

In 2009, the Mongolian government negotiated an agreement with [[Rio Tinto Group|Rio Tinto]] and [[Turquoise Hill Resources|Ivanhoe Mines]] to develop the [[Oyu Tolgoi]] copper and gold deposit,<ref name=stategov/> the biggest foreign-investment project in Mongolia at the time. The mine is now a major producer of copper and gold, with plans to further develop underground production and reach an output of 500,000 tons of copper per year.<ref name=Rio/> Mongolian's gold production in 2015 is 15 metric tons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live }}</ref> Mongolian lawmakers have also attempted to finance the development of the [[Tavan Tolgoi]] area, the world's largest untapped coal deposit. However, proposed international partnerships failed in 2011 and 2015, with Mongolia further cancelling an international [[initial public offering]] in 2020, citing financial and political difficulties.<ref name="tavan">{{cite web |last1=Jamasmie |first1=Cecilia |title=Mongolia cancels Tavan Tolgoi's $1 billion IPO plan |url=https://www.mining.com/mongolia-cancels-tavan-tolgois-1bn-ipo-plan/ |website=Mining.com |date=28 April 2020 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=19 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219032241/https://www.mining.com/mongolia-cancels-tavan-tolgois-1bn-ipo-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2022, Mongolia built and launched a 233-km direct rail link to China, which is a milestone in Mongolia's plan to become China's leading supplier of high-quality coal from the Tavan Tolgoi mine, which has more than six billion tonnes of coal reserves.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adiya |first=Amar |date=2022-09-08 |title=New Coal Rail Network Comes Online Connecting Mongolia With China |url=https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=Mongolia Weekly |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911183801/https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/new-coal-rail-network-comes-online-connecting-mongolia-with-china |url-status=live}}</ref>