Editing Metal casting (section)

====Risers and riser aids====
[[File:Casting riser types.svg|class=skin-invert-image|thumb|right|400px|Different types of risers]]
{{Main article|Riser (casting)|chill (casting)}}

Risers, also known as ''feeders'', are the most common way of providing directional solidification. It supplies liquid metal to the solidifying casting to compensate for solidification shrinkage. For a riser to work properly the riser must solidify after the casting, otherwise it cannot supply liquid metal to shrinkage within the casting. Risers add cost to the casting because it lowers the ''yield'' of each casting; i.e. more metal is lost as scrap for each casting. Another way to promote directional solidification is by adding chills to the mold. A chill is any material which will conduct heat away from the casting more rapidly than the material used for molding.<ref>{{harvnb|Degarmo|Black|Kohser|2003|pp=286–288}}.</ref>

Risers are classified by three criteria. The first is if the riser is open to the atmosphere, if it is then it is called an ''open'' riser, otherwise it is known as a ''blind'' type. The second criterion is where the riser is located; if it is located on the casting then it is known as a ''top riser'' and if it is located next to the casting it is known as a ''side riser''. Finally, if the riser is located on the gating system so that it fills after the molding cavity, it is known as a ''live riser'' or ''hot riser'', but if the riser fills with materials that have already flowed through the molding cavity it is known as a ''dead riser'' or ''cold riser''.<ref name="degarmo287">{{Harvnb|Degarmo|Black|Kohser|2003|p=287}}</ref>

Riser aids are items used to assist risers in creating directional solidification or reducing the number of risers required. One of these items are ''chills'' which accelerate cooling in a certain part of the mold. There are two types: external and internal chills. External chills are masses of high-heat-capacity and high-thermal-conductivity material that are placed on an edge of the molding cavity. Internal chills are pieces of the same metal that is being poured, which are placed inside the mold cavity and become part of the casting. Insulating sleeves and toppings may also be installed around the riser cavity to slow the solidification of the riser. Heater coils may also be installed around or above the riser cavity to slow solidification.<ref name="degarmo288">{{Harvnb|Degarmo|Black|Kohser|2003|p=288}}</ref>
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