Editing Majapahit (section)

===Architecture===
{{further|Candi of Indonesia}}
{{multiple image
| total_width       = 410
| image1            = Close-up of KITLV 28318 - Isidore van Kinsbergen - Relief on the first gallery on the east side of Panataran near Blitar - 1867-02-1867-06 walls, gate, and tower.jpg
| image2            = Close-up of KITLV 28291 - Isidore van Kinsbergen - Relief on the first gallery on the north side of Panataran near Blitar - 1867-02-1867-06 walls, gate, watchtower, and citizens.jpg
| footer            = Reliefs from the main temple of the [[Panataran]] temple complex, depicting walls, gates, towers, and citizens
}}

In his book ''Yingya Shenglan'', Ma Huan also describes the Majapahit cities: most of them do not have walls surrounding the city or the suburbs. He describes the king's palace in Majapahit. The king's residence is surrounded with thick red brick walls more than three ''[[zhang (unit)|chang]]'' high (about {{convert|30|ft|7|in|m|abbr=off|disp=or}}), with length of more than 200 paces ({{convert|340|yd|m|abbr=off|disp=or}}) and on the wall there are two layers of gates, the palace is very well guarded and clean. The king's palace was a two-storey building, each of them 3 or 4 ''chang'' high ({{convert|9.32–12.42|m|abbr=off|disp=or}}). It had wooden plank floors and exposed mats made from rattan or reeds (presumably palm leaves), where people sat cross-legged. The roof was made of hardwood shingles (Javanese: ''sirap'') laid as tiles.<ref name=yingyai /> This description of the palace is very different than that of Odoric of Pordenone, who visited Majapahit in the previous century during the reign of Jayanegara (1309–1328).<ref name=":19" />{{rp|332}} The reason of this was because Ma Huan likely stayed at a special area reserved for envoys, which was still 1.5 days' journey away from the real Majapahit palace.<ref name="kampungmaja">{{Cite web |last=Nugroho |first=Irawan Djoko |date=16 May 2022 |title=Kampung Majapahit Salah Desain Salah Konsep |trans-title=Majapahit Village Wrong Design Wrong Concept |url=https://www.nusantarareview.com/kampung-majapahit-salah-desain-salah-konsep.html |access-date=30 September 2023 |website=Nusantara Review}}</ref>

Odoric described the palace in more detail: The palace was described as being richer and finer than any existing palace at that time in the world. It had grand, broad, and lofty staircases; which the steps alternately made of gold and silver. The pavement of the palace was made alternately with one tile of gold and the other of silver, and the inside wall plated all over with gold, with knight sculptures of gold ornamented with precious stones. The ceiling of Majapahit palace was made of pure gold.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|87}}

According to Ma Huan, the houses of commoners had thatched roofs ([[nipa palm]] leaves). Every family has a storage shed made of bricks, about 3 or 4 ''[[Chi (unit)|chi]]'' ({{convert|48.9|in|cm|abbr=off|disp=or}}) above the ground, where they kept the family property, and they lived on top of this building, to sit and sleep.<ref name="yingyai" /> Not every house in Java looked like this: According to the ''[[History of Song (book)|History of the Song dynasty]]'', houses in Java are grand and handsome{{snd}}they are decorated with gold and jade. The chronicle also noted that when Chinese merchants arrive there they are received as guests in a public building.<ref name="notes on the malay archipelago" />{{rp|16}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Shao-yun |date=15 June 2020 |title=A Chinese Gazetteer of Foreign Lands: A new translation of Part 1 of the Zhufan zhi 諸蕃志 (1225) |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/39bce63e4e0642d3abce6c24db470760 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Storymaps}}</ref> This indicates that Ma Huan had not yet arrived at the center of Majapahit capital, and was only observing the outskirts.{{sfn|Nugroho|2011|p=138}}<ref name="kampungmaja" />

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=410
| image1 = Three reliefs of Candi Tegowangi, Dewi Kunti and Batari Durga (Sudamala story).jpg
| image2 = Oemah meten op het erf van de kantja te desa Kajoe Bihi in Bangli op Bali, KITLV 8351.tiff
| image3 = Vrouwen bezig met het stampen van rijst op een erf van een woning op Bali, KITLV 1400147.tiff
| image4 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Straatgezicht in een dorp op Bali TMnr 10003533.jpg
| footer = Tegowangi temple reliefs and traditional houses of Bali. Balinese architecture is deeply influence by Majapahit.
}}

The Majapahit temple architecture follows the east Javanese styles, in contrast to earlier central Javanese style. This east Javanese temple style is also dated back from Kediri period c. 11th century. The shapes of Majapahit temples tend to be slender and tall, with a roof constructed from multiple parts of stepped sections formed a combined roof structure curved upward smoothly creating the [[Perspective (visual)|perspective illusion]] that the temple is perceived taller than its actual height. The pinnacle of the temples are usually cube (mostly Hindu temples), sometimes dagoba cylindrical structures (Buddhist temples). Although some of the temples dated from Majapahit period used [[andesite]] or [[sandstone]], the red [[brick]]s is also a popular construction material.

{{multiple image
| align             = left
| total_width       = 250
| image1            = Bajang Ratu Gate Trowulan.jpg
| image2            = Candi Jabung B.JPG
| footer            = '''Left to right''':<br>
*The 16.5-metre tall Bajang Ratu [[Paduraksa]] gate, at Trowulan, echoed the grandeur of Majapahit.
*[[Jabung]] temple near Paiton, Probolinggo, East Java, dated from Majapahit period
}}

Although [[brick]] had been used in the ''[[Candi of Indonesia|candi]]'' of Indonesia's classical age, it was Majapahit architects of the 14th and 15th centuries who mastered it.<ref name="Schoppert1997">{{cite book |last1=Schoppert |first1=P. |last2=Damais |first2=S.|title=Java Style|year=1997|publisher=Periplus Editions|editor=Didier Millet|location=Paris|pages=33–34|isbn=962-593-232-1}}</ref> Making use of a vine sap and [[palm sugar]] mortar, their temples had a strong geometric quality. The example of Majapahit temples are Brahu temple in Trowulan, [[Pari Temple|Pari]] in Sidoarjo, [[Jabung]] in Probolinggo, and [[Candi Surawana|Surawana temple]] near Kediri. Jabung temple was mentioned in Nagarakretagama as Bajrajinaparamitapura, despite some parts of its roof and pinnacles are now missing, it is one of the most well-preserved Majapahit temple architecture. Another example includes Gunung Gangsir temple near Pasuruan. Some of the temples are dated from the earlier period but renovated and expanded during Majapahit era, such as [[Candi Penataran|Penataran]], the largest temple in East Java dated back to [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kediri]] era. This temple was identified in Nagarakretagama as Palah temple and reported being visited by King Hayam Wuruk during his royal tour across East Java. Another notable temple of Eastern Javanese style is [[Jawi temple]] in Pandaan{{snd}}also visited by King Hayam Wuruk, the temple was mentioned in Nagarakretagama as Jajawa, and was dedicated as a mortuary temple for his great-grandfather, King Kertanegara of Singhasari.

Some of the typical architectural styles are believed to be developed during Majapahit era; such as tall and slender roofed red brick gate commonly called as ''kori agung'' or ''[[paduraksa]]'', and also split gate of ''[[candi bentar]]''. The large split gate of Wringin Lawang located at Jatipasar, Trowulan, Mojokerto, East Java, is one of the oldest and the largest surviving ''candi bentar'' dated from Majapahit era. The ''candi bentar'' took shape of typical Majapahit temple structure{{snd}}consists of three parts; foot, body and tall roof{{snd}}evenly split into two mirroring structures to make a passage in the centre for people to walk through. This type of split gate has no doors and provides no real defensive purpose but narrowing the passage. It probably only served the ceremonial and aesthetic purpose, to create the sense of grandeur, before entering the next compound through tall roof ''paduraksa'' gate with enclosed door. The example of ''kori agung'' or ''paduraksa'' style gate is the elegant Bajang Ratu gate richly decorated with Kala demon, cyclops and also the bas-relief telling the story of Sri Tanjung. Those typical Majapahit architectural style has deeply influenced the Javanese and [[Balinese architecture]] of later period. The current prevalence of Majapahit style pendopo pavilion, candi bentar and paduraksa gates was owed to the influence of Majapahit aesthetics on Javanese and Balinese architecture.<ref name="Made Wijaya">{{cite book | title = Majapahit Style Vol.1 | author = Made Wijaya | publisher = Wijaya Words – a division of Yayasan Beringin Berapi | year = 2014 | isbn = 9786027136700 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J3GMBAAAQBAJ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

[[File:Looking down from the top of Cetho Temple, 2016-10-13.jpg|thumb|right|The stepped terraces, pavilions, and [[Candi bentar|split gates]] of [[Ceto Temple|Cetho]] temple complex on mount Lawu slopes]]
In later period near the fall of Majapahit, the art and architecture of Majapahit witnessed the revival of indigenous native Austronesian [[megalithic architectural elements]], such as [[Candi Sukuh|Sukuh]] and [[Candi Cetho|Cetho]] temples on western slopes of [[Mount Lawu]]. Unlike previous Majapahit temples that demonstrate typical Hindu architecture of high-rise towering structure, the shape of these temples are [[step pyramid]], quite similar to Mesoamerican [[pyramid]]s. The stepped pyramid structure called ''Punden Berundak'' (stepped mounds) is a common megalithic structure during [[Prehistoric Indonesia|Indonesian prehistoric era]] before the adoption of Hindu-Buddhist culture.