Editing Le Havre (section)

==Economy==

===General===
Although well developed and diversified, the local economy relies heavily on industrial sites, international groups, and subcontracted [[Small and medium enterprises|SME]]s. The Le Havre economy is far from decision centres which are located mainly in Paris and major European economic cities. There is therefore a low representation of head offices in the city with the exception of some local economic successes such as the Sidel Group (now a subsidiary of [[Tetra Pak]]) – a distributor of interior furniture, and the [[ship-owner]] [[Delmas (shipping company)|Delmas]] which was recently acquired by the [[CMA-CGM]] group.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Major employers in the Le Havre area
|-
! Name
! Commune
! Sector
|-
| [[Sandouville Renault Factory|Renault Sandouville]]
| Sandouville
| Automobile
|-
| Centre Hospitalier Général
| Le Havre
| Health
|-
| Le Havre Commune
| Le Havre
| Administration publique
|-
| [[TotalEnergies]]
| Gonfreville
| Raffinage
|-
| [[Port of Le Havre|Port Authority of Le Havre]]
| Le Havre
| Port Services
|-
| [[Safran|Aircelle]]
| Gonfreville
| Aeronautical Construction
|-
| Total Petrochemicals
| Gonfreville
| Petrochemicals
|-style="background:#EEE"
| [[SNCF]]
| Le Havre
| Transport
|-
| Dresser-Rand
| Le Havre
| Mechanical Equipment
|-
| [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]
| Gonfreville
| Petrochemicals
|}

===Port===
{{Main|Port of Le Havre}}

[[File:Port Havre 2.jpg|thumb|Container Terminal, near the François I [[Lock (water transport)|lock]].]]
[[File:Fishing boats in Le Havre, bateaux de pêche.jpg|thumb|Fishing Port]]

With 68.6&nbsp;million tons of cargo in 2011, the port of Le Havre is the second largest French seaport in trade volume behind that of [[Marseille]] and 50th largest port in the world.<ref>[http://aapa.files.cms-plus.com/Statistics/WORLD%20PORT%20RANKINGS%202010.pdf World Port ranking 2010], AAPA website, consulted on 27 July 2012</ref> It represents 60% of total French container traffic with nearly 2.2&nbsp;million Twenty-foot equivalent unit|EVP]s in 2011.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011">[http://extrapah.havre-port.net/pls/portal/url/ITEM/F39365DA3E1342C89D8C046AC40C0D79 Definitive Statistics 2011]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Port du Havre, consulted on 27 December 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref><ref name="LH_devt"/> At the European level, it is eighth largest for container traffic and sixth largest for total traffic. The Port receives a large number of [[oil tanker]]s that transported 27.5&nbsp;million tonnes of crude oil and 11.7&nbsp;million tonnes of refined product in 2011.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> Finally, 340,500 vehicles passed through the [[Roll-on/roll-off]] terminal in 2010.<ref name="LH_devt"/> 75 regular shipping lines serve 500 ports around the world.<ref name="LH_devt">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_portduhavre.asp The Port of Le Havre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702223853/http://www.havre-developpement.com/havre_portduhavre.asp |date=2 July 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The largest trading partner of the port of Le Havre is the Asian continent which alone accounts for 58% of imports by container and 39.6% of exports.<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> The rest of the traffic is distributed mainly to Europe and America.

Le Havre occupies the north bank of the estuary of the [[Seine]] on the [[English Channel|Channel]]. Its location is favourable for several reasons: it is on the most frequented waterway in the world; it is the first and last port in the ''North Range'' of European ports – the largest in Europe which handles a quarter of all global maritime trade.<ref name="port_auj">[http://www.havre-port.fr/ The Port today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034143/http://www.havre-port.fr/ |date=29 October 2007 }}, Grand Port Maritime du Havre, consulted on 28 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> As a [[deepwater port]], it is accessible to all types of ships whatever their size around the clock.<ref name="port_auj"/> At the national level, Le Havre is {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=out}} west of the most populous and richest region in France: [[Île-de-France]]. Since its founding in 1517 on the orders of [[François I]], Le Havre has continued to grow: today it measures {{convert|27|km|0|abbr=on}} from east to west, about {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} from north to south with an area of {{convert|10000|ha|0|abbr=off}}.<ref name="port_auj"/> The last big project called [[Port 2000]] increased the handling capacity for containers.

The port provides 16,000 direct jobs<ref name="LH_devt"/> to the Le Havre region, to which must be added indirect jobs in industry and transport. With approximately 3,000 employees in 2006, the activities of distribution and warehousing provide more jobs,<ref name="emplois">[http://www.havre-port.fr/ Employment linked to the Maritime and Port activities in the Le Havre area (excluding industry)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029034143/http://www.havre-port.fr/ |date=29 October 2007 }}, Port du Havre, consulted on 29 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> followed by road transport (2,420 jobs) and handling (2,319 jobs).<ref name="emplois"/>

In 2011, 715,279 passengers passed through the port of Le Havre<ref name="stat_GPMH2011"/> and there were 95 visits by [[cruise ships]] carrying 185,000 passengers.<ref name=Oceanes154>Laurence Périn, ''The Cruises in vogue'', in Océanes, No. 154, March 2012, p. 6 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The port expects 110 cruise ship calls in 2012. Created in 1934, the leisure boat harbour of Le Havre is located to the west and is the largest French boat harbour in the [[English Channel|Channel]] with a capacity of 1,160 moorings.<ref>[http://www.ville-lehavre.fr/delia-CMS/version_texte/adresse_page/article_id-1743/plus-1/topic_id-414/port-de-plaisance.html The Leisure Boat Port]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 2 August 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Finally, there is a small fishing port in the Saint-François district and a [[Hawker (trade)|Hawker centre]].

===Industry===
[[File:Centrale thermique Le Havre.JPG|thumb|The EDF Thermal power plant of Le Havre.]]

Most industries are located in the industrial-port area north of the estuary and east of the city of Le Havre. The largest industrial employer (2,400 employees<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/2012/06/06/97002-20120606FILWWW00663-renaultsandouville-jours-non-travailles.php Renault/Sandouville Economy: non-working days], Le Figaro, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref>) of the Le Havre region is the Renault public company in the commune of [[Sandouville]]. The second important sector for the industrial zone is [[petrochemicals]]. The Le Havre region has more than a third of French refining capacity. It provides about 50% of the production of basic plastics and 80% of additives and oils<ref name="chimie">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_chimie.asp Petrochemical Chemistry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807153316/http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_chimie.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> with more than 3,500 researchers working in private and public laboratories. Large firms in the chemical industry are mainly in the communes of Le Havre (Millenium Chemicals Le Havre), [[Montivilliers]] ([[TotalEnergies]], [[Yara International|Yara]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Oronite SA]], [[Lanxess]], etc.) and [[Sandouville]] ([[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Chemicals Europe]]). A total of 28 industrial establishments manufacture plastics in the Le Havre area many of which are classed as SECESO. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

There are several firms in the aerospace industry: SAFRAN Nacelles, a supplier to [[Airbus]], Boeing and other commercial air-framers, making jet engine nacelles and [[thrust reversers]], is located in [[Harfleur]] and employs 1,200 people from the Le Havre area.<ref name="aeronautique">[http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_aeronautique.asp Aeronautic] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807003735/http://www.havre-developpement.com/filieres_havre_aeronautique.asp |date=7 August 2013 }}, Le Havre développement, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> Finally, [[Dresser-Rand Group|Dresser-Rand SA]] manufactures equipment for the oil and gas industry and employs about 700 people.<ref name="dresser">[http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/contrat-geant-pour-dresser-rand-le-havre.N19644 Huge contract for Dresser-Rand Le Havre], ''L'usine nouvelle'', 20 July 2007, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> In the energy field, the ''EDF thermal power plant'' of Le Havre has an installed capacity of 1,450MW and operates using coal with 357 employees.<ref name="edf">[http://www.edf.com/html/energies/le_havre/2011/ 2011 in brief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001155907/http://www.edf.com/html/energies/le_havre/2011/ |date=1 October 2013 }}, EDF, centrale du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The [[AREVA]] group announced the opening of a factory for building [[wind turbine]]s: installed in the port of Le Havre, it should create some 1,800 jobs.<ref>''Océanes Le Havre'', No. 156, May 2012, p. 3 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The machines are designed for [[Offshore wind power]] in Brittany, the UK, and [[Normandy (administrative region)|Normandy]].

Other industries are dispersed throughout the Le Havre agglomeration: the ''Brûlerie du Havre'', which belongs to Legal-Legoût, located in the district of Dollemard that roasts coffee, [[Sidel]] located both in the industrial area of Port of Le Havre and [[Octeville-sur-Mer]] designs and manufactures blow moulding machines and complete filling line machines for plastic bottles.

===Services sector===
The two largest employers in the service sector are the ''Groupe Hospitalier du Havre'' with 4,384 staff<ref name="groupe hospi">[http://eportail.ch-havre.fr/portal/page/portal/ver-1/WWW_COMMUN/Le%20GHH/Le%20GHH%20et%20vous/Presentation%20generale/Chiffres%20cles/Donn%C3%A9es%20%20cl%C3%A9s%202012%20version%20web.pdf?_template= Presentation and key data]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Groupe Hospitalier du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> and the ''City of Le Havre'' with 3,467 permanent employees.<ref name="recrute">[http://lehavre.fr/dossier/la-ville-recrute-0 The City recruits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801130512/http://lehavre.fr/dossier/la-ville-recrute-0 |date=1 August 2012 }}, Ville du Havre, consulted on 30 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> The city has long been home to many service companies whose activity is related to port operations: primarily the ship-owning companies and also the [[marine insurance]] companies. The headquarters of [[Delmas (shipping company)|Delmas]] (transport and communications, 1,200 employees) and SPB (Provident Society Banking, insurance, 500 employees) have settled recently at the entrance to the city. The head office of Groupama Transport (300 employees) is also present.

The transport sector is the largest economic sector in Le Havre with 15.5% of employment. Logistics occupies a large part of the population and the [[Industrial Syndicalist Education League|ISEL]] trains engineers in this field. Since September 2007 the ICC has welcomed local students in their first year in the relocated Europe-Asia campus of the [[Sciences Po|Institute of Political Studies of Paris]]. Higher Education is represented by the [[University of Le Havre]] which employs 399 permanent professors and 850 lecturers<ref name="chiffres université">[http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Chiffres.html University of Le Havre data] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211225814/http://www.univ-lehavre.fr/ulh_services/Chiffres.html |date=11 February 2012 }}, Université du Havre, consulted on 26 July 2012 {{in lang|fr}}</ref> as well as by engineering companies like Auxitec and SERO.

There are many growth factors in the tourist industry: [[Blue Flag beach|blue flag]] rating, World Heritage status from UNESCO, the label ''[[French Towns and Lands of Art and History]]'', cruise ship development, a policy of value-creation from heritage, and the ''City of the Sea'' project. In January 2020 the city had 26 hotels with a total of 1,428 rooms.<ref name="complet"/>

Le Havre is the seat of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Le Havre. It manages the [[Le Havre Octeville Airport]].