Editing Kuomintang (section)

=== Policy on ethnic minorities ===
{{further|List of ethnic groups in China|Zhonghua minzu|Xinjiang conflict}}
Former KMT leader Chiang Kai-shek considered all the minority peoples of China as descendants of the [[Yellow Emperor]], the semi-mythical initiator of the Chinese civilization. Chiang considered all ethnic minorities in China to belong to the ''[[Zhonghua minzu]]'' (Chinese nation) and he introduced this into KMT ideology, which was propagated into the educational system of the Republic of China, and the Constitution of the ROC considered Chiang's ideology to be true.<ref>{{cite book|author=Murray A. Rubinstein|title=The Other Taiwan: 1945 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1994|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-193-2|page=416|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205041927/https://books.google.com/books?id=YujNjFgTuGMC&pg=PA416|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James A. Millward|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|page=208|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109033724/https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA208|archive-date=9 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Hibbert Clyde, Burton F. Beers|author2=Burton F. Beers |title=The Far East: a history of the Western impact and the Eastern response (1830-1970)|url=https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1971|publisher=Prentice-Hall|page=[https://archive.org/details/fareasthistoryof0000clyd/page/409 409]|isbn=978-0-13-302976-5 }}</ref> In Taiwan, the president performs a ritual honoring the Yellow Emperor, while facing west, in the direction of the Chinese mainland.<ref>{{cite book|author=Cheong Ching|title=Will Taiwan break away: the rise of Taiwanese nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin|url-access=registration|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2001|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-02-4486-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/willtaiwanbreaka0000chin/page/188 188]}}</ref>

The KMT retained the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]] for dealing with Mongolian and Tibetan affairs. A Muslim, Ma Fuxiang, was appointed as its chairman.{{Sfn|Lipman|2004|p=266}}

The KMT was known for sponsoring Muslim students to study abroad at Muslim universities like [[Al-Azhar University]] and it established schools especially for Muslims, Muslim KMT warlords like Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |title=The Completion of the Idea of Dual Loyalty towards China and Islam |last=Masumi |first=Matsumoto |access-date=28 June 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> KMT Muslim Warlord [[Ma Bufang]] built a girls' school for Muslim girls in [[Linxia City]] which taught modern secular education.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maria Jaschok, Jingjun Shui|author2=Jingjun Shui|title=The History of Women's Mosques in Chinese Islam: A Mosque of Their Own|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|access-date=29 June 2010|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-7007-1302-8|page=361|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728100745/http://books.google.com/books?id=jV9_YvgUmpsC&pg=PA96|archive-date=28 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Tibetans and Mongols refused to allow other ethnic groups like [[Kazakhs]] to participate in the Kokonur ceremony in Qinghai, but KMT Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]] allowed them to participate.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=273}}

Chinese Muslims were among the most hardline KMT members. [[Ma Chengxiang]] was a Muslim KMT member, and he refused to surrender to the Communists.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeremy Brown, Paul Pickowicz|author2=Paul Pickowicz|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02616-2|page=462|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205025333/https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA192|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=David D. Wang|title=Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|location=Hong Kong|isbn=978-962-201-831-0|page=577|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704172901/http://books.google.com/books?id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The KMT incited anti-[[Yan Xishan]] and [[Feng Yuxiang]] sentiments among [[Hui people]] and Mongols, encouraging for them to topple their rule during the Central Plains War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Masud Sabri]], a Uyghur was appointed as Governor of [[Xinjiang]] by the KMT, as was the [[Tatars|Tatar]] [[Burhan Shahidi]] and the Uyghur [[Yulbars Khan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|page=376|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704173905/http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ|archive-date=4 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Muslim General Ma Bufang also put KMT symbols on his mansion, the [[Ma Bufang Mansion]] along with a portrait of party founder Sun Yatsen arranged with the KMT flag and the Republic of China flag.

General Ma Bufang and other high ranking Muslim Generals attended the [[Kokonuur Lake]] Ceremony where the God of the Lake was worshipped, and during the ritual, the Chinese national anthem was sung, all participants bowed to a Portrait of KMT founder Sun Yat-sen, and the God of the Lake was also bowed to, and offerings were given to him by the participants, which included the Muslims.{{Sfn|Bulag|2002|p=51}} This cult of personality around the KMT leader and the KMT was standard in all meetings. Sun Yat-sen's portrait was bowed to three times by KMT party members.{{Sfn|Fenby|2005|p=325}} Sun's portrait was arranged with two flags crossed under, the [[Blue Sky with a White Sun|KMT flag]] and the [[flag of the Republic of China]].

The KMT also hosted conferences of important Muslims like Bai Chongxi, Ma Fuxiang, and Ma Liang. Ma Bufang stressed "racial harmony" as a goal when he was Governor of Qinghai.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nihon Gaiji Kyōkai|title=Chiang Contemporary Japan: A Review of Japanese affairs, Volume 11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|access-date=28 June 2010|year=1942|publisher=The Foreign Affairs Association of Japan|page=1626|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205024059/https://books.google.com/books?id=K0nVAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1939, [[Isa Yusuf Alptekin]] and Ma Fuliang were sent on a mission by the KMT to the Middle Eastern countries such as [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]] and [[Syria]] to gain support for the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese War against Japan]], they also visited Afghanistan in 1940 and contacted [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]], they asked him to come to [[Chongqing]], the capital of the Nationalist Government. Bughra was arrested by the British government in 1942 for spying, and the KMT arranged for Bughra's release. He and Isa Yusuf worked as editors of KMT Muslim publications.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=90|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205103201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma Tianying ({{lang|zh-hant|馬天英}}) (1900–1982) led the 1939 mission which had 5 other people including Isa and Fuliang.<ref>{{cite book|author=Aliya Ma Lynn|title=Muslims in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|access-date=28 June 2010|year=2007|publisher=University Press|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7|page=45|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205143128/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4Lp8tgr3esC&pg=PA27|archive-date=5 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>