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=== General and cited references === * {{cite book |last=Adekunle |first=Julius |year=2007 |title=Culture and customs of Rwanda |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33177-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0FC40EQujwC}} * {{cite book |author1=[[African Development Bank]] |author2=[[OECD]] |publisher=OECD Publishing |year=2006 |title=African Economic Outlook |edition=5th |isbn=978-92-64-02243-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fpEFOR6WmfYC}} * {{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |year=2010 |title=Encyclopedia of Africa |volume=1 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC }} * {{cite book |last1=Briggs |first1=Philip |last2=Booth |first2=Janice |year=2006 |title=Rwanda – The Bradt Travel Guide |edition=3rd |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-841621-80-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2Sq4S3P5fQC}} * {{cite journal |last1=Cassimon |first1=Danny |last2=Engelen |first2=Peter-Jan |last3=Reyntjens |first3=Filip |title=Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach |journal=Crime, Law and Social Change |date=2013 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7 |s2cid=145263108 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/46993/1/MPRA_paper_46993.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Cassimon et al.|2013}}}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDOZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 |title=Rwanda |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-78477-096-9 |first1=Phillip |last1=Briggs |first2=Sean |last2=Connolly}} * {{cite web |ssrn=2682850 |first1=Tom |last1=Bundervoet |first2=Laban |last2=Maiyo |first3=Apurva |last3=Sanghi |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/912151468188369841/Bright-Lights-Big-Cities-measuring-national-and-subnational-economic-growth-in-Africa-from-outer-space-with-an-application-to-Kenya-and-Rwanda |title=Bright Lights, Big Cities: Measuring National and Subnational Economic Growth in Africa from Outer Space, with an Application to Kenya and Rwanda |date=October 2015}} * {{cite web |last1=Bundervoet |first1=Tom |last2=Parby |first2=Jonas Ingemann |last3=Nakamura |first3=Shohei |last4=Choi |first4=Narae |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/875101513836698339/pdf/122174-WP-P157637-PUBLIC-Note-1-Rwanda-Urbanization-12-07-17-rev2.pdf |title=Reshaping urbanization in Rwanda: economic and spatial trends and proposals – note 1: urbanization and the evolution of Rwanda's urban landscape |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=December 2017}} * {{cite book |last=Carney |first=J.J. |year=2013 |title=Rwanda Before the Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-998227-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IawzAAAAQBAJ}} * {{cite book |author=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |year=2007 |title=The World Factbook 2007 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=978-0-16-078580-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zdyn9od15oQC&pg=PA479 |ref={{sfnref|CIA|2007}}}} * {{cite book |last=Chrétien |first=Jean-Pierre |year=2003 |title=The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-1-890951-34-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezo5PQAACAAJ }} * {{cite book |first=Roman A. |last=Cybriwsky |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-248-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ |year=2013}} * {{cite book |last=Dallaire |first=Roméo |year=2005 |title=Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda |publisher=Arrow |isbn=978-0-09-947893-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/shakehandswithde00dall |url-access=registration }} * {{cite book |last=Des Forges |first=Alison |year=2011 |title=Defeat is the only bad news: Rwanda under Musinga, 1896–1931 |author-link=Alison Des Forges |editor=David Newbury |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-28143-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0fo54LxVfoC }} * {{cite book |last=Dorsey |first=Learthen |year=1994 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |edition=1st |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-2820-9 }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cielCwAAQBAJ |isbn=978-1-49851944-1 |title=A History of Rwandan Identity and Trauma: The Mythmakers' Victims |first=Randall |last=Fegley |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2016}} * {{cite book |last=Geary |first=Anthony |year=2003 |title=In and Out of Focus: Images from Central Africa, 1885–1960 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-85667-552-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCgz8uSDzF4C}} * {{cite book |last=King |first=David C. |year=2007 |title=Rwanda (Cultures of the World) |publisher=Benchmark Books |isbn=978-0-7614-2333-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yLx1zSuh_QC}} * {{cite book |isbn=978-1-920689-56-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FEZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 |title=The Emerging Data Revolution in Africa: Strengthening the Statistics, Policy and Decision-making Chain |first=Ben |last=Kiregyera |year=2015 |publisher=African Sun Media}} * {{cite book |title=Mapping research and innovation in the Republic of Rwanda |last1=Lemarchand |first1=Guillermo A. |last2=Tash |first2=April |publisher=UNESCO Publishing |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOfwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |isbn=978-92-3-100126-0}} * {{cite book |last1=Linden |first1=Ian |last2=Linden |first2=Jane |year=1977 |title=Church and Revolution in Rwanda |edition=illustrated |publisher=Manchester University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgXoAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-7190-0671-5 }} * {{cite book |last=Louis |first=William Roger |year=1963 |title=Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919 |publisher=Clarendon Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYKRAAAAIAAJ |isbn=978-0-19-821621-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Mamdani |first=Mahmood |author-link=Mahmood Mamdani |year=2002 |title=When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-10280-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUEamxb89JcC }} * {{cite web |title=Understanding Dropout and Repetition in Rwanda: Full Report |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) and [[UNICEF]] |date=20 September 2017 |access-date=20 May 2020 |url=http://www.rencp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/DROPOUT-STUDY-FULL-REPORT.pdf |ref={{sfnRef|MINEDUC|UNICEF|2017|p=xvi}}}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[Ministry of Education (Rwanda)|Ministry of Education, Republic of Rwanda]] (MINEDUC) |date=December 2018 |title=2018 Education Statistics |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/7889/download?token=2YQpU2XL |access-date=11 May 2020 | ref = {{sfnRef|MINEDUC|2018}} |format=PDF}} * {{cite book |last1=Munyakazi |first1=Augustine |last2=Ntagaramba |first2=Johnson Funga |year=2005 |title=Atlas of Rwanda |language=fr |publisher=Macmillan Education |isbn=978-0-333-95451-5}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012a |title=Population size, structure and distribution |url=http://statistics.gov.rw/file/2907/download?token=i09m0Bly |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012a}} |format=PDF}} * {{cite web |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |year=2012b |title=Final Results: Main indicators report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/file/2868/download?token=xjcIMAtB |access-date=18 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2012b}} |format=PDF}} * {{cite report |url=http://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/rphc4-thematic-report-socio-cultural-characteristics-population |publisher=[[National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda]] (NISR) |title=Fourth Population and Housing Census, Rwanda, 2012: Socio-cultural characteristics of the population |date=January 2014 |access-date=5 May 2020 |ref={{sfnref|NISR|2014}}}} * {{cite book |last=Prunier |first=Gérard |author-link=Gérard Prunier |year=1999 |title=The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide |edition=2nd |publisher=Fountain Publishers Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3aNPwAACAAJ |isbn=978-9970-02-089-8 }} * {{Cite web |title=Performance audit report on procurement and management of drugs and medical supplies and its impact on health care at University Teaching Hospital-Kigali |publisher=Office of the Auditor General, Rwanda (OAG) |date=April 2016 |access-date=20 February 2021 |url= https://oag.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Performance_Reports/PROCUREMENT_AND_MANAGEMENT_OF_DRUGS_AND_MEDICAL_SUPPLIES_AND_ITS_IMPACT_ON_QUALITY_OF_HEALTH_CARE_AT_CHUK.pdf |ref={{sfnref|OAG|2016}} }} * {{Cite web |title=Youth development success amongst motorcycle taxi drivers in Kigali |first=Will |last=Rollason |publisher=[[Brunel University]] |year=2012 |access-date=19 February 2021 |url= https://www.brunel.ac.uk/research/Projects/pdf/Urban-development-success.pdf }} * {{cite web |publisher=Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) |year=2013 |title=Kigali: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2013 |url=https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |access-date=15 May 2018 |ref={{sfnref|REMA|2013}}}} * {{Cite web |title=List of FM and TV stations operating in Rwanda and their approximate coverage |publisher=Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority (RURA) |date=30 July 2018 |access-date=18 February 2021 |via=Rwanda Governance Board |url=http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |ref={{sfnref|RURA|2018}} |archive-date=13 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713193534/http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/Publications/Media/LIST_OF_FM_STATIONS_OPERATING_IN_RWANDA_AND_THEIR_APPROXIMATE_COVERAGE_01.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XvtDAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA164 |title=A Military History of Africa [3 volumes] |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-313-39570-3}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wYuNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |title=A History of Genocide in Africa |first=Timothy J. |last=Stapleton |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4408-3052-5}} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rfjw_5JL0DsC&pg=PA22 |title=Rwanda in Pictures |first=Thomas |last=Streissguth |edition=illustrated |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8225-8570-1}} * {{cite book |last=Twagilimana |first=Aimable |year=2015 |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |edition=2nd |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5591-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E6xCgAAQBAJ }} * {{cite web |publisher=United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) |author-link=United Nations Development Programme |year=2015 |title=Population projections |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |access-date=1 June 2018 |ref={{sfnref|UNDP|2015}} |archive-date=16 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516215305/http://www.undp.org/content/dam/rwanda/img/pubcovers/UNDP_RW_NHDR-final-March%2031.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite book |last=Vansina |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Vansina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgT-lyk40agC |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-2992-0123-4 |title=Antecedents to Modern Rwanda: The Nyiginya Kingdom}} * {{cite book |last1=Watson |first1=Graeme |last2=Renzi |first2=Barbara Gabriella |last3=Viggiani |first3=Elisabetta |year=2010 |title=Friends and Foes Volume II: Friendship and Conflict from Social and Political Perspectives |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1993-0 |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=L0MaBwAAQBAJ}}}} * {{cite web |title=Primary Health Care Systems: Case study from Rwanda |version=abridged |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |year=2017 |access-date=16 February 2021 |url= https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/AHPSR-PRIMASYS-Rwanda-Abridged.pdf?ua=1 |ref={{sfnref|WHO|2017}}}} * {{cite book |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=2004 |title=Education in Rwanda: Rebalancing Resources to Accelerate Post-conflict Development and Poverty Reduction |series=Country Studies |doi=10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |url=https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/0-8213-5610-0 |isbn=978-0-8213-5610-4 |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2004}}}} * {{cite web |title=Rwanda Economic Update |access-date=24 January 2021 |date=February 2016 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/126991468197359041/pdf/103618-WP-P156677-PUBLIC-Rwanda-Economic-Update-Feb-25-2016.pdf |ref={{sfnref|World Bank|2016}}}} * {{cite web |author=World Resources Report |year=2011 |title=Maintenance of Hydropower Potential in Rwanda Through Ecosystem Restoration |url=http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153346/http://www.worldresourcesreport.org/files/wrr/WRR%20Case%20Study_Ecosystem%20Restoration%20and%20Hydropower%20in%20Rwanda_0.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=10 February 2020 }}
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