Editing Kazakhstan (section)

===Energy===
[[File:Caspian region oil and natural gas infrastructure.png|thumb|Kazakhstan has one of the largest proven [[Energy policy of Kazakhstan|oil reserves]] in the Caspian Sea region.]]
Energy has been the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and [[natural gas condensate]] from the [[oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan]] amounted to {{convert|79.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|lk=out|abbr=off}} in 2012 up from {{convert|51.2|e6t|e6LT e6ST|abbr=off}} in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3&nbsp;million tons in 2003, 13 percent higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to {{convert|13.9|e9m3|e9cuft|lk=out|abbr=off}}, up 22.7 percent compared to 2002, including natural gas production of {{convert|7.3|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}. Kazakhstan holds about {{convert|4|e9t|e9LT e9ST|abbr=off}} of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2000|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of gas. Kazakhstan is the 19th largest oil-producing nation in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kazakhstan energy profile – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/kazakhstan-energy-profile|access-date=2021-01-05|website=IEA|date=15 April 2020 |language=en-GB|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108085609/https://www.iea.org/reports/kazakhstan-energy-profile|url-status=live}}</ref> Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $7&nbsp;billion, representing 65 percent of overall exports and 24 percent of the GDP. 
Major oil and gas fields and recoverable [[oil reserves]] are [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] with {{convert|7|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}; [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] with {{convert|8|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}} and {{convert|1350|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of natural gas; and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] with 7 to {{convert|9|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}.

[[KazMunayGas]] (KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The [[Tengiz Field]] was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year [[Tengizchevroil]] venture between [[Chevron Texaco]] (50 percent), US [[ExxonMobil]] (25 percent), [[KazMunayGas]] (20 percent), and [[LukArco]] (5 percent).<ref>{{Citation |title=Chevron-led Kazakh oil firm hits record output in 2013 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oil-kazakhstan-tengizchevroil-idUSL5N0L11CD20140127 |year=2014 |publication-place=International |publisher=[[Reuters]] |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181047/https://www.reuters.com/article/oil-kazakhstan-tengizchevroil-idUSL5N0L11CD20140127 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] natural gas and gas condensate field is being developed by [[BG Group|BG]], [[Agip]], ChevronTexaco, and [[Lukoil]].<ref name=ogj280612>{{cite news
 |url= http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/karachaganak-field-agreement-takes-effect.html
 |title= Karachaganak field agreement takes effect
 |publisher= [[PennWell Corporation]]
 |newspaper= [[Oil & Gas Journal]]
 |date= 2012-06-28
 |access-date= 7 January 2022
 |archive-date= 7 January 2022
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220107183535/https://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/06/karachaganak-field-agreement-takes-effect.html
 |url-status= live
 }}</ref> Also [[China|Chinese]] oil companies are involved in Kazakhstan's oil industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracing the Chinese Footprints in Kazakhstan's Oil and Gas Industry |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/tracing-the-chinese-footprints-in-kazakhstans-oil-and-gas-industry/ |work=The Diplomat |date=12 December 2020 |access-date=7 January 2022 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107181048/https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/tracing-the-chinese-footprints-in-kazakhstans-oil-and-gas-industry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kazakhstan launched the Green Economy Plan in 2013. It committed Kazakhstan to meet 50 percent of its energy needs from alternative and renewable sources by 2050.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan: Green economy reforms gain momentum |url=https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2018/kazakhstan--green-economy-reforms-gain-momentum.html |website=UNDP |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127212947/https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2018/kazakhstan--green-economy-reforms-gain-momentum.html |archive-date=27 November 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The green economy was projected to increase GDP by 3 percent and create some 500,000 jobs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uyzbayeva|first=Aigerim|date=February 2015|title=Towards Achieving Energy Efficiency in Kazakhstan|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073|journal=International Conference on Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Technology (ICEERET2015)|volume=9|via=ResearchGate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012043609/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281963073_Towards_Achieving_Energy_Efficicency_in_Kazakhstan|archive-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> The government set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12), for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants 16.71 tenges ($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenges ($0.18).<ref name=renewableprices>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources|publisher=Bloomberg News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309165647/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources|archive-date=9 March 2017}}</ref>