Editing Jurassic (section)

=== Dinosaurs ===
[[Dinosaur]]s, which had morphologically diversified in the Late Triassic, experienced a major increase in diversity and abundance during the Early Jurassic in the aftermath of the end-Triassic extinction and the extinction of other reptile groups, becoming the dominant vertebrates in terrestrial ecosystems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brusatte |first1=Stephen L |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J |last3=Ruta |first3=Marcello |last4=Lloyd |first4=Graeme T |date=2008-12-23 |title=The first 50 Myr of dinosaur evolution: macroevolutionary pattern and morphological disparity |url= |journal=Biology Letters |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=733–736 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2008.0441 |pmc=2614175 |pmid=18812311}}</ref><ref name="Brusatte">{{cite journal |last1=Brusatte |first1=S. L. |last2=Benton |first2=M. J. |last3=Ruta |first3=M. |last4=Lloyd |first4=G. T. |date=2008-09-12 |title=Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs |url=http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2008Science.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=321 |issue=5895 |pages=1485–88 |bibcode=2008Sci...321.1485B |doi=10.1126/science.1161833 |pmid=18787166 |s2cid=13393888 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624204033/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Benton/reprints/2008Science.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-24 |access-date=2012-01-14 |hdl=20.500.11820/00556baf-6575-44d9-af39-bdd0b072ad2b}}</ref> ''[[Chilesaurus]]'', a morphologically aberrant herbivorous dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of South America, has uncertain relationships to the three main groups of dinosaurs, having been recovered as a member of all three in different analyses.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Temp Müller |first1=Rodrigo |last2=Augusto Pretto |first2=Flávio |last3=Kerber |first3=Leonardo |last4=Silva-Neves |first4=Eduardo |last5=Dias-da-Silva |first5=Sérgio |date=28 March 2018 |title=Comment on 'A dinosaur missing-link? Chilesaurus and the early evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs' |url= |journal=Biology Letters |language=en |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=20170581 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2017.0581 |issn=1744-9561 |pmc=5897605 |pmid=29593074}}</ref>

==== Theropods ====
Advanced [[Theropoda|theropods]] belonging to [[Neotheropoda]] first appeared in the Late Triassic. Basal neotheropods, such as [[Coelophysoidea|coelophysoids]] and [[Dilophosauridae|dilophosaurs]], persisted into the Early Jurassic, but became extinct by the Middle Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zahner |first1=Marion |last2=Brinkmann |first2=Winand |date=August 2019 |title=A Triassic averostran-line theropod from Switzerland and the early evolution of dinosaurs |url= |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |language=en |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=1146–1152 |bibcode=2019NatEE...3.1146Z |doi=10.1038/s41559-019-0941-z |issn=2397-334X |pmc=6669044 |pmid=31285577}}</ref> The earliest [[averostra]]ns appear during the Early Jurassic, with the earliest known member of [[Ceratosauria]] being ''[[Saltriovenator]]'' from the early Sinemurian (199.3–197.5 million years ago) of Italy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sasso |first1=Cristiano Dal |last2=Maganuco |first2=Simone |last3=Cau |first3=Andrea |date=2018-12-19 |title=The oldest ceratosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Lower Jurassic of Italy, sheds light on the evolution of the three-fingered hand of birds |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=6 |pages=e5976 |doi=10.7717/peerj.5976 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6304160 |pmid=30588396 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The unusual ceratosaur ''[[Limusaurus]]'' from the Late Jurassic of China had a herbivorous diet, with adults having [[edentulous]] beaked jaws,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Shuo |last2=Stiegler |first2=Josef |last3=Amiot |first3=Romain |last4=Wang |first4=Xu |last5=Du |first5=Guo-hao |last6=Clark |first6=James M. |last7=Xu |first7=Xing |date=January 2017 |title=Extreme Ontogenetic Changes in a Ceratosaurian Theropod |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=144–148 |bibcode=2017CBio...27..144W |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.10.043 |pmid=28017609 |s2cid=441498 |doi-access=free}}</ref> making it the earliest known theropod to have converted from an ancestrally carnivorous diet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zanno |first1=Lindsay E. |last2=Makovicky |first2=Peter J. |date=2011-01-04 |title=Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=108 |issue=1 |pages=232–237 |bibcode=2011PNAS..108..232Z |doi=10.1073/pnas.1011924108 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=3017133 |pmid=21173263 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The earliest members of the [[Tetanurae]] appeared during the late Early Jurassic or early Middle Jurassic.<ref name="Rauhut-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |last2=Pol |first2=Diego |date=2019-12-11 |title=Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=18826 |bibcode=2019NatSR...918826R |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6906444 |pmid=31827108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[Megalosauridae]] represent the oldest radiation of the Tetanurae, first appearing in Europe during the Bajocian.<ref name="Benson-2010">{{Cite journal |last=Benson |first=R.B.J |date=2010 |title=A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=882–935 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest member of [[Allosauroidea]] has been suggested to be ''[[Asfaltovenator]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of South America.<ref name="Rauhut-2019" /> [[Coelurosauria|Coelurosaurs]] first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, including early [[Tyrannosauroidea|tyrannosaurs]] such as ''[[Proceratosaurus]]'' from the Bathonian of Britain.<ref name="rauhutetal2010">{{Cite journal |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |last2=Milner |first2=Angela C. |last3=Moore-Fay |first3=Scott |year=2010 |title=Cranial osteology and phylogenetic position of the theropod dinosaur ''Proceratosaurus'' bradleyi(Woodward, 1910) from the Middle Jurassic of England |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=158 |pages=155–195 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00591.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Some coelurosaurs from the Late Jurassic of China including ''[[Shishugounykus]]'' and ''[[Haplocheirus]]'' are suggested to represent early [[Alvarezsauroidea|alvarezsaurs]],<ref>Qin, Z., Clark, J., Choiniere, J., & Xu, X. (2019). A new alvarezsaurian theropod from the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of western China. Scientific Reports, 9: 11727. {{doi|10.1038/s41598-019-48148-7}}</ref> however, this has been questioned.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Agnolín |first1=Federico L. |last2=Lu |first2=Jun-Chang |last3=Kundrát |first3=Martin |last4=Xu |first4=Li |date=2021-06-02 |title=Alvarezsaurid osteology: new data on cranial anatomy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2021.1929203 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=443–452 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1929203 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=236221732}}</ref> [[Scansoriopterygidae|Scansoriopterygids]], a group of small feathered coelurosaurs with membraneous, bat-like wings for gliding, are known from the Middle to Late Jurassic of China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Min |last2=O’Connor |first2=Jingmai K. |last3=Xu |first3=Xing |last4=Zhou |first4=Zhonghe |date=May 2019 |title=A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1137-z |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=569 |issue=7755 |pages=256–259 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..256W |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1137-z |issn=1476-4687 |pmid=31068719 |s2cid=148571099}}</ref> The oldest record of [[Troodontidae|troodontids]] is suggested to be ''[[Hesperornithoides]]'' from the Late Jurassic of North America. Tooth remains suggested to represent those of [[Dromaeosauridae|dromaeosaurs]] are known from the Jurassic, but no body remains are known until the Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hartman |first1=Scott |last2=Mortimer |first2=Mickey |last3=Wahl |first3=William R. |last4=Lomax |first4=Dean R. |last5=Lippincott |first5=Jessica |last6=Lovelace |first6=David M. |date=2019-07-10 |title=A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=7 |pages=e7247 |doi=10.7717/peerj.7247 |issn=2167-8359 |pmc=6626525 |pmid=31333906 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Ceratosaurus mounted white background.jpg|Skeleton of ''[[Ceratosaurus]]'', a ceratosaurid from the Late Jurassic of North America
File:Monolophosaurus jiangi.jpg|Skeleton of ''[[Monolophosaurus]]'', a basal tetanuran from the Middle Jurassic of China
File:Yi qi restoration.jpg|Restoration of ''[[Yi (dinosaur)|Yi qi]]'', a scansoriopterygid from the Middle to Late Jurassic of China
</gallery>

===== Birds =====
[[File:Archaeopteryx lithographica (Berlin specimen).jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Archaeopteryx|Archaeopteryx lithographica]]'' from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) of Germany|alt=Fossil of complete Archaeopteryx, including indentations of feathers on wings and tail]]
The earliest [[Avialae|avialans]], which include birds and their ancestors, appear during the Middle to Late Jurassic, definitively represented by ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'' from the Late Jurassic of Germany. Avialans belong to the clade [[Paraves]] within Coelurosauria, which also includes dromaeosaurs and troodontids. The [[Anchiornithidae]] from the Middle-Late Jurassic of Eurasia have frequently suggested to be avialans, but have also alternatively found as a separate lineage of paravians.<ref name="Rauhut-2020">{{Citation |last1=Rauhut |first1=Oliver W. M. |title=The Origin of Birds: Current Consensus, Controversy, and the Occurrence of Feathers |date=2020 |work=The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present |pages=27–45 |editor-last=Foth |editor-first=Christian |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_3 |access-date=2021-01-05 |series=Fascinating Life Sciences |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_3 |isbn=978-3-030-27223-4 |s2cid=216372010 |last2=Foth |first2=Christian |editor2-last=Rauhut |editor2-first=Oliver W. M.}}</ref>
[[File:Heterodontosaurus tucki cast - University of California Museum of Paleontology - Berkeley, CA - DSC04696.JPG|left|thumb|Skeleton of ''[[Heterodontosaurus]],'' a primitive ornithischian from the Early Jurassic of South Africa]]

==== Ornithischians ====
The earliest definitive [[ornithischia]]ns appear during the Early Jurassic, represented by basal ornithischians like ''[[Lesothosaurus]]'', [[Heterodontosauridae|heterodontosaurids]], and early members of [[Thyreophora]]. The earliest members of [[Ankylosauria]] and [[Stegosauria]] appear during the Middle Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=David B |date=2021-01-01 |title=Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/1/1/5893854 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=1–86 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa061 |issn=0024-4082}}</ref> The basal [[neornithischia]]n ''[[Kulindadromeus]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of Russia indicates that at least some ornithischians were covered in [[Feathered dinosaur|protofeathers]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Godefroit |first1=Pascal |title=Integumentary Structures in Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus, a Basal Neornithischian Dinosaur from the Jurassic of Siberia |date=2020 |work=The Evolution of Feathers: From Their Origin to the Present |pages=47–65 |editor-last=Foth |editor-first=Christian |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_4 |access-date=2021-01-05 |series=Fascinating Life Sciences |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-27223-4_4 |isbn=978-3-030-27223-4 |s2cid=216261986 |last2=Sinitsa |first2=Sofia M. |last3=Cincotta |first3=Aude |last4=McNamara |first4=Maria E. |last5=Reshetova |first5=Svetlana A. |last6=Dhouailly |first6=Danielle |editor2-last=Rauhut |editor2-first=Oliver W. M.}}</ref> The earliest members of [[Ankylopollexia]], which become prominent in the Cretaceous, appeared during the Late Jurassic, represented by bipedal forms such as ''[[Camptosaurus]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McDonald |first=Andrew T. |date=2012-05-22 |editor-last=Farke |editor-first=Andrew A. |title=Phylogeny of Basal Iguanodonts (Dinosauria: Ornithischia): An Update |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e36745 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736745M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036745 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3358318 |pmid=22629328 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ceratopsia]]ns first appeared in the Late Jurassic of China, represented by members of [[Chaoyangsauridae]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Han |first1=Fenglu |last2=Forster |first2=Catherine A. |last3=Clark |first3=James M. |last4=Xu |first4=Xing |date=2015-12-09 |title=A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=e0143369 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1043369H |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0143369 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4674058 |pmid=26649770 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Sauropodomorphs ====
[[File:Mamenchisaurus in Japan.jpg|left|thumb|Skeleton of ''[[Mamenchisaurus|Mamenchisaurus sinocanadorum]]'' from the Middle-Late Jurassic of China]]
[[Sauropoda|Sauropods]] became the dominant large herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems during the Jurassic.<ref name="Pol-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Pol |first1=D. |last2=Ramezani |first2=J. |last3=Gomez |first3=K. |last4=Carballido |first4=J. L. |last5=Carabajal |first5=A. Paulina |last6=Rauhut |first6=O. W. M. |last7=Escapa |first7=I. H. |last8=Cúneo |first8=N. R. |date=2020-11-25 |title=Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event |url= |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=287 |issue=1939 |pages=20202310 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.2310 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=7739499 |pmid=33203331}}</ref> Some Jurassic sauropods reached gigantic sizes, becoming the largest organisms to have ever lived on land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sander |first1=P. Martin |last2=Christian |first2=Andreas |last3=Clauss |first3=Marcus |last4=Fechner |first4=Regina |last5=Gee |first5=Carole T. |last6=Griebeler |first6=Eva-Maria |last7=Gunga |first7=Hanns-Christian |last8=Hummel |first8=Jürgen |last9=Mallison |first9=Heinrich |last10=Perry |first10=Steven F. |last11=Preuschoft |first11=Holger |date=February 2011 |title=Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism |journal=Biological Reviews |language=en |volume=86 |issue=1 |pages=117–155 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00137.x |pmc=3045712 |pmid=21251189}}</ref>

[[Basal (phylogenetics)|Basal]] bipedal [[Sauropodomorpha|sauropodomorphs]], such as [[Massospondylidae|massospondylids]], continued to exist into the Early Jurassic, but became extinct by the beginning of the Middle Jurassic.<ref name="Pol-2020" /> Quadrupedal sauropomorphs appeared during the Late Triassic. The quadrupedal ''[[Ledumahadi]]'' from the earliest Jurassic of South Africa reached an estimated weight of 12 tons, far in excess of other known basal sauropodomorphs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=McPhee |first1=Blair W. |last2=Benson |first2=Roger B.J. |last3=Botha-Brink |first3=Jennifer |last4=Bordy |first4=Emese M. |last5=Choiniere |first5=Jonah N. |date=8 October 2018 |title=A Giant Dinosaur from the Earliest Jurassic of South Africa and the Transition to Quadrupedality in Early Sauropodomorphs |journal=Current Biology |language=en |volume=28 |issue=19 |pages=3143–3151.e7 |bibcode=2018CBio...28E3143M |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.07.063 |pmid=30270189 |s2cid=52890502 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Gravisauria]]n sauropods first appeared during the Early Jurassic, with the oldest definitive record being ''[[Vulcanodon]]'' from Zimbabwe, likely of Sinemurian age.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Viglietti |first1=Pia A. |last2=Barrett |first2=Paul M. |last3=Broderick |first3=Tim J. |last4=Munyikwa |first4=Darlington |last5=MacNiven |first5=Rowan |last6=Broderick |first6=Lucy |last7=Chapelle |first7=Kimberley |last8=Glynn |first8=Dave |last9=Edwards |first9=Steve |last10=Zondo |first10=Michel |last11=Broderick |first11=Patricia |date=January 2018 |title=Stratigraphy of the Vulcanodon type locality and its implications for regional correlations within the Karoo Supergroup |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X17303953 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=137 |pages=149–156 |bibcode=2018JAfES.137..149V |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.10.015}}</ref> [[Eusauropoda|Eusauropods]] first appeared during the late Early Jurassic (Toarcian) and diversified during the Middle Jurassic;<ref name="Pol-2020" /> these included [[Cetiosauridae|cetiosaurids]], [[Turiasauria|turiasaurs]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Royo-Torres |first1=Rafael |last2=Cobos |first2=Alberto |last3=Mocho |first3=Pedro |last4=Alcalá |first4=Luis |date=2021-01-01 |title=Origin and evolution of turiasaur dinosaurs set by means of a new 'rosetta' specimen from Spain |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/1/201/5900936 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |volume=191 |issue=1 |pages=201–227 |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa091 |issn=0024-4082 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[Mamenchisauridae|mamenchisaurs]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Xin-Xin |last2=Huang |first2=Jian-Dong |last3=You |first3=Hai-Lu |date=2020-05-27 |title=The second mamenchisaurid dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Eastern China |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2018.1515935 |journal=Historical Biology |language=en |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=602–610 |bibcode=2020HBio...32..602R |doi=10.1080/08912963.2018.1515935 |issn=0891-2963 |s2cid=91927243}}</ref> [[Neosauropoda|Neosauropods]] such as [[macronaria]]ns and [[Diplodocoidea|diplodocoids]] first appeared during the Middle Jurassic, before becoming abundant and globally distributed during the Late Jurassic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ren |first1=Xin-Xin |last2=Jiang |first2=Shan |last3=Wang |first3=Xu-Ri |last4=Peng |first4=Guang-Zhao |last5=Ye |first5=Yong |last6=Jia |first6=Lei |last7=You |first7=Hai-Lu |date=2022-11-14 |title=Re-examination of Dashanpusaurus dongi (Sauropoda: Macronaria) supports an early Middle Jurassic global distribution of neosauropod dinosaurs |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018222004898 |journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology |language=en |volume=610 |pages=111318 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111318 |issn=0031-0182}}</ref>