Editing Julian (emperor) (section)

===Literature===
* The ''[[Julian Romance]]'' is a late antique [[Syriac language|Syriac]] romance of Julian's reign from a hostile Christian perspective.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Butts |first=Aaron M. |title=Julian Romance |url=https://gedsh.bethmardutho.org/Julian-Romance |journal=Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition}}</ref>
* In 1681 [[William Russell, Lord Russell|Lord Russell]], an outspoken opponent of King [[Charles II of England]] and his brother [[James II of England|The Duke of York]], got his chaplain to write a ''Life of Julian the Apostate''. This work made use of the Roman Emperor's life in order to address contemporary English political and theological debates – specifically, to reply to the conservative arguments of [[George Hickes (divine)|Dr Hickes]]'s sermons, and defend the lawfulness of resistance in extreme cases.
* In 1847, the controversial German theologian [[David Friedrich Strauss]] published in [[Mannheim]] the pamphlet ''Der Romantiker auf dem Thron der Cäsaren'' ("A Romantic on the Throne of the Caesars"), in which Julian was satirised as "an unworldly dreamer, a man who turned nostalgia for the ancients into a way of life and whose eyes were closed to the pressing needs of the present". In fact, this was a veiled criticism of the contemporary King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]], known for his romantic dreams of restoring the supposed glories of feudal Medieval society.<ref>[[Christopher Clark]], "Iron Kingdom", p. 446</ref>
* Julian's life inspired the play ''[[Emperor and Galilean]]'' published in 1873 by [[Henrik Ibsen]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnston |first=Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MlYtCgAAQBAJ |title=Text and Supertext in Ibsen's Drama |date=8 September 1989 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-04064-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* The late nineteenth century English novelist [[George Gissing]] read an English translation of Julian's work in 1891<ref>Coustillas, Pierre ed. London and the Life of Literature in Late Victorian England: the Diary of George Gissing, Novelist. Brighton: Harvester Press, 1978, p. 237.</ref>
* Julian's life and reign were the subject of the novel ''[[The Death of the Gods]] (Julian the Apostate)'' (1895) in the trilogy of historical novels entitled "Christ and Antichrist" (1895–1904) by the [[Russian Symbolism|Russian Symbolist]] poet, novelist and literary theoretician [[Dmitry Merezhkovsky|Dmitrii S. Merezhkovskii]].
* The opera ''Der Apostat'' (1924) by the composer and conductor [[Felix Weingartner]] is about Julian.
* In 1945, [[Nikos Kazantzakis]] authored the tragedy ''Julian the Apostate'' in which the emperor is depicted as an [[existentialist]] hero committed to a struggle which he knows will be in vain. It was first staged in Paris in 1948.
* The novel ''Imperial Renegade'' (1950), by Christian author [[Louis de Wohl]].
* Julian was the subject of a novel, ''[[Julian (historical novel)|Julian]]'' (1964), by [[Gore Vidal]], describing his life and times. It is notable for, among other things, its scathing critique of Christianity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fitts |first=Dudley |date=31 May 1964 |title=Engaged in Life and in a Pagan Past |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/01/home/vidal-julian.html |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
* Julian appeared in ''Gods and Legions'', by [[Michael Curtis Ford]] (2002). Julian's tale was told by his closest companion, the Christian saint [[Caesarius of Nazianzus|Caesarius]], and accounts for the transition from a Christian philosophy student in Athens to a pagan Roman Augustus of the old nature.
* Julian's letters are an important part of the symbolism of [[Michel Butor]]'s novel ''[[La Modification]]''.
* The fantasy [[alternate history]] ''[[The Dragon Waiting]]'' by [[John M. Ford]], while set in the time of the [[Wars of the Roses]], uses the reign of Julian as its [[point of divergence]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weimer |first=Paul |date=10 April 2014 |title=Mining the Genre Asteroid: THE DRAGON WAITING by John M. Ford |url=https://skiffyandfanty.com/blogposts/mining-the-genre-asteroid-the-dragon-waiting-by-john-m-ford/ |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=The Skiffy and Fanty Show |language=en-US}}</ref> His reign not being cut short, he was successful in disestablishing Christianity and restoring a religiously eclectic societal order which survived the fall of Rome and into the [[Renaissance]]. Characters in the novel refer to him as "Julian the Wise".
*The [[dystopian]] [[speculative fiction]] novel by Robert Charles Wilson, ''[[Julian Comstock: A Story of 22nd-Century America]],'' parallels the life of Julian with the titular character as the hereditary president of an oligarchic future United States of America who tries to restore science and combat the fundamentalist Christianity that has taken over the country.
*A student paper by the narrator fills out the center of the 2022 novel ''Elizabeth Finch'' by [[Julian Barnes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Byers |first=Sam |date=14 April 2022 |title=Elizabeth Finch by Julian Barnes review – the problem with ambiguity |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/apr/14/elizabeth-finch-julian-barnes-review-history-teacher-historian |access-date=5 September 2022 |website=The Guardian |language=en-UK}}</ref>
*[[Constantine P. Cavafy|C.P. Cavafy]] wrote 6 poems about Julian in 1923–1935.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lee |first=Lawrence Lynn |title=The Julian Poems of C. P. Cavafy |date=1967 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44328196 |journal=CLA Journal |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=239–251 |jstor=44328196 |issn=0007-8549}}</ref>