Editing Individualism (section)

=== Libertarianism ===
{{main|Libertarianism}}
{{libertarianism sidebar|concepts}}

Libertarianism upholds [[liberty]] as a core principle.<ref name="Boaz">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Libertarianism|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/339321/libertarianism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|author=Boaz, David|author-link=David Boaz|date=30 January 2009|access-date=21 February 2017|quote=[L]ibertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value.}}</ref> Libertarians seek to maximize [[autonomy]] and [[political freedom]], emphasizing [[Free association (Marxism and anarchism)|free association]], [[freedom of choice]], individualism and [[voluntary association]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodcock|first=George|title=Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements|orig-date=1962|year=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|location=Peterborough|isbn=978-1551116297|page=16|quote=[F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude{{snd}}its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance of rigidly systematic theory, and, above all, its stress on extreme freedom of choice and on the primacy of the individual judgement {{sic}}.|title-link=Anarchism (Woodcock book)}}</ref> Libertarianism shares a skepticism of [[Political authority|authority]] and [[State (polity)|state]] power, but libertarians diverge on the scope of their opposition to existing [[Economic system|economic]] and [[political system]]s. Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private [[Power (social and political)|power]], often calling for the restriction or dissolution of coercive [[social institutions]]. Different categorizations have been used to distinguish various forms of libertarianism.<ref>Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". ''Social Philosophy and Policy''. '''15''' (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common{{snd}}or at least an overlapping{{snd}}intellectual ancestry."</ref><ref>Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. ''The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America''. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. {{ISBN|978-1412988766}}. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertariaism, and left-lbertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contrasted by scholars. Regardless, these factions differ most pronouncedly with respect to private property."</ref> This is done to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of [[Property rights (economics)|property]] and [[Capital (economics)|capital]], usually along [[Left-wing politics|left]]–[[Right-wing politics|right]] or [[socialist]]–[[capitalist]] lines.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Francis|first1=Mark|title=Human Rights and Libertarians|journal=[[Australian Journal of Politics & History]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=462–472|date=December 1983|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x|issn=0004-9522}}</ref>

==== Left-libertarianism ====
{{main|Left-libertarianism}}
Left-libertarianism represents several related yet distinct approaches to politics, society, culture and political and social theory which stress both individual and [[political freedom]] alongside [[social justice]]. Unlike right-libertarians, left-libertarians believe that neither claiming nor [[Labor theory of property|mixing one's labor]] with [[natural resources]] is enough to generate full [[private property]] rights,<ref name="WhyNotIncoherent">{{cite journal|last1=Vallentyne |first1=Peter |last2=Steiner |first2=Hillel |last3=Otsuka |first3=Michael |title=Why Left-Libertarianism Is Not Incoherent, Indeterminate, or Irrelevant: A Reply to Fried |journal=Philosophy and Public Affairs |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=201–215 |publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Inc. |year=2005 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP&PA.pdf |access-date=2013-07-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103160534/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~uctymio/leftlibP%26PA.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-03 |doi=10.1111/j.1088-4963.2005.00030.x }}</ref><ref name="encyclolib">{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Narveson |first1= Jan|last2=Trenchard |first2= David |title= Left Libertarianism|author-link1= Jan Narveson|editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publishing|Sage]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |doi=10.4135/9781412965811.n174 |isbn= 978-1412965804 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=288–289 }}</ref> and maintain that natural resources (land, oil, gold, trees) ought to be held in some [[egalitarian]] manner, either unowned or [[owned collectively]].<ref name="encyclolib"/> Those left-libertarians who support property do so under different property norms<ref>Schnack, William (13 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41572 "Panarchy Flourishes Under Geo-Mutualism"]. Center for a Stateless Society. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111658/https://c4ss.org/content/41572|date=10 August 2018}}. Retrieved 10 August 2018.</ref><ref>Byas, Jason Lee (25 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41583 "The Moral Irrelevance of Rent"]. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</ref><ref>Carson, Kevin (8 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/40929 "Are We All Mutualists?"] Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</ref><ref>Gillis, William (29 November 2015). [https://c4ss.org/content/41653 "The Organic Emergence of Property from Reputation"]. Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</ref> and theories,<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Bylund|first=Per|year=2005|url=http://www.perbylund.com/academics_polsci_msc.pdf|title=Man and Matter: A Philosophical Inquiry into the Justification of Ownership in Land from the Basis of Self-Ownership|type=master's thesis|work=LUP Student Papers|publisher=Lund University|access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Land-locked: A Critique of Carson on Property Rights|last=Long|first=Roderick T.|author-link=Roderick T. Long|volume=20|issue=1|year=2006|pages=87–95|journal=[[Journal of Libertarian Studies]]|url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_1/20_1_6.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Verhaegh|first=Marcus|year=2006|title=Rothbard as a Political Philosopher|url=https://mises.org/journals/jls/20_4/20_4_1.pdf|journal=Journal of Libertarian Studies|volume=20|issue=4|page=3}}</ref> or under the condition that recompense is offered to the [[Local community|local]] or [[global community]].<ref name="encyclolib"/>

Related terms include ''[[egalitarian libertarianism]]'',<ref>Sundstrom, William A. (16 May 2002). [http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf "An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029212045/http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/sundstrom/Sundstrommanifesto.pdf|date=29 October 2013}}.</ref><ref>Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). "Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels". ''[[American Journal of Economics and Sociology]]''. '''62''' (3): 612.</ref> ''[[left-wing libertarianism]]'',<ref name="Spitz">{{cite journal|url=https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_RAI_023_0023--left-wing-libertarianism-equality-based.htm|title=Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership|last=Spitz|first=Jean-Fabien|journal=Raisons Politiques|date=March 2006|volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=23–46 |doi=10.3917/rai.023.0023 |access-date=28 November 2019}}</ref> ''[[libertarianism]]'',<ref>Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). [https://social-ecology.org/wp/1986/01/the-greening-of-politics-toward-a-new-kind-of-political-practice/ "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice"]. ''Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project'' (1).</ref> ''[[libertarian socialism]]'',<ref name="Bookchin & Biehl 1997 p. 170">Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). ''The Murray Bookchin Reader''. New York: Cassell. p. 170.</ref><ref name="Long 2012 p. 223">Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. ''The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy''. p. 223.</ref> ''[[social libertarianism]]''<ref>Grunberg, Gérard; Schweisguth, Etienne; Boy, Daniel; [[Nonna Mayer|Mayer, Nonna]], eds. (1993). ''The French Voter Decides''. "Social Libertarianism and Economic Liberalism". University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IB2siz9e8AUC&dq=social+libertarianism&pg=PA45 p. 45]. {{ISBN|978-0-472-10438-3}}</ref> and ''[[socialist libertarianism]]''.<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007">Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. ''The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia''. Sage Publications. pp. 1006–1007.</ref> Left-libertarianism can refer generally to these related and overlapping schools of thought:
* [[Anti-authoritarian]] varieties of [[left-wing politics]], in particular within the [[socialist movement]], usually known as libertarian socialism.<ref name="Bookchin & Biehl 1997 p. 170"/><ref name="Long 2012 p. 223"/>
* [[Geolibertarianism]], an American synthesis of [[Libertarianism in the United States|libertarianism]] and [[Georgism]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Foldvart|first=Fred E.|url=http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm|url-status=dead|title=Geoism and Libertarianism|work=The Progress Report|publisher=Progress.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104040047/http://www.progress.org/archive/fold251.htm|archive-date=4 November 2012|access-date=26 March 2013}}</ref><ref>DeCoster, Karen (19 April 2006). [http://archive.lewrockwell.com/decoster/henry-george-tariff.html "Henry George and the Tariff Question"]. [[LewRockwell.com]]. Retrieved 23 September 2020.</ref>
* [[Left-wing market anarchism]], stressing the socially transformative potential of non-aggression and [[anti-capitalist]] freed markets.<ref>Sheldon Richman (3 February 2011). [http://www.theamericanconservative.com/blog/libertarian-left/ "Libertarian Left: Free-market anti-capitalism, the unknown ideal"]. ''The American Conservative''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610075037/https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/libertarian-left/|date=10 June 2019}}. Retrieved 5 March 2012.</ref><ref>Chartier, Gary; Johnson, Charles W. (2011). ''Markets Not Capitalism: Individualist Anarchism Against Bosses, Inequality, Corporate Power, and Structural Poverty''. Brooklyn: Minor Compositions/Autonomedia. pp. 1–11. {{ISBN|978-1570272424}}.</ref>
* [[Steiner–Vallentyne school]], named after [[Hillel Steiner]] and [[Peter Vallentyne]], whose proponents draw conclusions from classical liberal or market liberal premises.<ref>{{cite book|author=Will Kymlicka |chapter=libertarianism, left-|editor=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |year=2005 }}</ref>

==== Right-libertarianism ====
{{main|Right-libertarianism}}
Right-libertarianism represents either non-[[Collectivism and individualism|collectivist]] forms of libertarianism<ref>Olsaretti, Serena (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmGrPKu8BMC ''Liberty, Desert and the Market: A Philosophical Study'']. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14, 88, 100.</ref> or a variety of different libertarian views that scholars label to the right of libertarianism<ref>{{cite book|last1=Graham|first1=Paul|last2=Hoffman|first2=John|year= 2003|title=An Introduction to Political Theory|publisher=Routledge|page=93|isbn=978-1-3178-6342-7|quote=A distinction is made between right libertarianism and left libertarianism. Self-ownership is the starting point for all libertarians, but right and left libertarians divide over the implications for the ownership of external things from the self-ownership premise.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vallentyne|first=Peter|year=2007|chapter=Libertarianism and the State|editor-last1=Frankel Paul|editor-first1=Ellen|editor-last2=Miller|editor-first2=Fred Jr.|editor-last3=Paul|editor-first3=Jeffrey|title=Liberalism: Old and New|volume=24|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=187–205|isbn=978-0-521-70305-5|quote=The best known form of libertarianism{{snd}}right-libertarianism{{snd}}is a version of classical liberalism, but there is also a form of libertarianism{{snd}}left-libertarianism{{snd}}that combines classical liberalism's concern for individual liberty with contemporary liberalism's robust concern for material equality.}}</ref> such as [[libertarian conservatism]].<ref>Heywood, Andrew (2015). ''Key Concepts in Politics and International Relations: Palgrave Key Concepts''. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 37. {{ISBN|978-1-1374-9477-1}}.</ref> Related terms include ''[[conservative libertarianism]]'',<ref>Graber, Mark A. (1991). ''Transforming Free Speech: The Ambiguous Legacy of Civil Libertarianism''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. p. 18. {{ISBN|978-0520913134}}.</ref><ref>Narveson, Jan (2001). ''The Libertarian Idea'' (revised ed.). Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press. p. 8. {{ISBN|978-1551114217}}.</ref><ref>Passavent, Paul (2003). ''No Escape: Freedom of Speech and the Paradox of Rights''. New York: New York University Press. p. 49. {{ISBN|978-0814766965}}.</ref> ''[[libertarian capitalism]]''<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Fallacy of Libertarian Capitalism|last=Reiman|first=Jeffrey H.|year=2005|journal=Ethics|volume=10|issue=1|pages=85–95|doi=10.1086/292300|jstor=2380706|s2cid=170927490}}</ref> and ''[[right-wing libertarianism]]''.<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007"/><ref>Goodway, David (2006). ''[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward]]''. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fgya85u7S-4C&dq=anarcho-capitalism+right+libertarian&pg=PA4 p. 4]. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition".</ref><ref>Marshall, Peter (2008). ''[[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism]]''. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces ''laissez-faire'' liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".</ref> In the mid-20th century, right-libertarian ideologies such as [[anarcho-capitalism]] and [[minarchism]] co-opted<ref>Fernandez, Frank (2001). ''Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement''. Sharp Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130610014449/http://books.google.com/books?id=jKdztbIaHegC p. 9]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term 'libertarian' has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rothbard|first1=Murray|url=https://cdn.mises.org/The%20Betrayal%20of%20the%20American%20Right_2.pdf|title=The Betrayal of the American Right|orig-date=2007|year=2009|publisher=Mises Institute|isbn=978-1610165013|page=83|quote=One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.}}</ref> the term ''libertarian'' to advocate ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]] and strong [[private property rights]] such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hussain|first=Syed B.|title=Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume 2|year=2004|publisher=Facts on File Inc|location=New York|isbn=0816052247|page=492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbVZAAAAYAAJ|quote=In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.}}</ref> The latter is the dominant form of [[libertarianism in the United States]],<ref name="Carlson 2012 pp. 1006–1007"/> where it advocates [[civil liberties]],<ref>Rothbard, Murray (1 March 1971). [https://mises.org/library/left-and-right-within-libertarianism "The Left and Right Within Libertarianism"]. ''WIN: Peace and Freedom Through Nonviolent Action''. '''7''' (4): 6–10. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</ref> [[natural law]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.libertarianism.org/encyclopedia/natural-law|title=Natural Law|last=Miller|first=Fred|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism|date=15 August 2008|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref> [[free-market capitalism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/key-concepts-libertarianism|title=Key Concepts of Libertarianism|last=Boaz|first=David|date=12 April 2019|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theihs.org/who-we-are/what-is-libertarian/|title=What Is Libertarian|publisher=Institute for Humane Studies|access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> and a major reversal of the modern [[welfare state]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Ideologies|last=Baradat|first=Leon P.|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|page=31|isbn=978-1317345558}}</ref>