Editing Indian independence movement (section)

==Revolutionary movement==
{{Main|Revolutionary movement for Indian independence}}
{{See also|Anushilan Samiti|Jugantar|India House|Ghadar Party|Hindustan Socialist Republican Army|Communist Consolidation|Communist involvement in the Indian independence movement}}<blockquote>There is no real connection between these two unrests, labour, and Congress opposition. But their very existence and coexistence, explains and fully justifies the attention, which Lord Irwin gave to the labour problems.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWfUpdZwRVIC&q=There+is+no+real+connection+between+these+two+unrests,labour+and+Congress+opposition.+But+their+very+existenceand+coexistence,+explains+and+fully+justifies+the+attention,which+Lord+Irwin+gave+to+the+labour+problems.London+Times,+29+January+1928&pg=PA33|title=Crisis in the Indian Subcontinent, Partition: Can it be Undone?|last=K̲h̲ān|first=Lāl|date=2007|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=9788189833107|language=en}}</ref>
::- [[London Times]], 29 January 1928</blockquote>
{{multiple image|perrow=1/1|total_width=200|caption_align=center
| image1 = Bhagat Singh Sukh Dev Raj Guru.jpg|caption1=[[Bhagat Singh]] (left), [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]] (center), and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] (right) are considered among the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement.
| image2 = Bhagat Singh's execution Lahore Tribune Front page.jpg|caption2=Front page of the ''Tribune'' (25 March 1931), reporting the execution of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev by the British.
}}
Apart from a few stray struggles, revolutions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in [[Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], Bihar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], and the [[Madras Presidency]] including what is now called [[South India]]. More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1905, and in [[1907 Punjab unrest|Punjab after 1907]].<ref name=Fraser257>{{Harvnb|Fraser|1977|p=257}}</ref> In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community that came to form the "classic" Indian revolutionary,<ref name="Fraser257"/> while the latter had an immense support base in the rural and military society of Punjab.

In Bengal, the {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]}} emerged [[History of the Anushilan Samiti|from conglomerations]] of local youth groups and gyms (''Akhra'') in Bengal in 1902, forming two prominent and somewhat independent arms in [[East Bengal|East]] and [[West Bengal]] identified as {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]]}}  in [[Dhaka]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]), and the ''[[Jugantar]]'' group (centred at [[Calcutta]]) respectively. Led by nationalists of the likes of [[Aurobindo Ghosh]] and his brother [[Barindra Ghosh]], the ''Samiti'' was influenced by philosophies as diverse as [[Hindu]] [[Shakti|''Shakta'' philosophy]] propounded by Bengali literature [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay|Bankim]] and [[Swami Vivekananda|Vivekananda]], [[Carbonari|Italian Nationalism]], and [[Pan-Asianism]] of [[Kakuzo Okakura]]. The ''Samiti'' was involved in a number of noted incidences of revolutionary terrorism against British interests and administration in India within the decade of its founding, including [[Alipore bomb case|early attempts]] to assassinate Raj officials whilst led by Ghosh brothers. In the meantime, in Maharashtra and Punjab arose similarly militant nationalist feelings. The District Magistrate of [[Nasik]], [[A.M.T. Jackson]] was shot dead by [[Anant Kanhere]] in December 1909, followed by the death of [[Robert D'Escourt Ashe]] at the hands of [[Vanchi Iyer]].<ref name=Yadav4>{{Harvnb|Yadav|1992|p=4}}</ref>

Indian nationalism made headway through Indian societies as far as Paris and London. In London [[India House]] under the patronage of [[Shyamji Krishna Verma]] came under increasing scrutiny for championing and justifying violence in the cause of Indian nationalism, which found in Indian students in Britain and from Indian expatriates in [[Paris Indian Society]] avid followers. By 1907, through Indian nationalist [[Madame Bhikaji Rustom Cama]]'s links to Russian revolutionary Nicholas Safranski, Indian groups including Bengal revolutionaries as well as India House under [[V.D. Savarkar]] were able to obtain manuals for manufacturing bombs. India House was also a source of arms and seditious literature that was rapidly distributed in India. In addition to ''The Indian Sociologist'', pamphlets like ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Oh Martyrs!'' by Savarkar extolled revolutionary violence. Direct influences and incitement from India House were noted in several incidents of political violence, including assassinations, in India at the time.<ref name="Yadav4"/><ref name=Hopkirk46>{{Harvnb|Hopkirk|1994|p=46}} [By 1909] India House was beginning to come under suspicion ... too late to save Sir William Curzon Wyllie from the assassin's pistol ... Savarkar could see that London was rapidly becoming too hot for him ... In early January 1910, therefore, he slipped quietly over to Paris, determined to make it his new revolutionary headquarters ... [police] managed to obtain evidence linking him with the smuggling of firearms into India.</ref><ref name=Majumdar1966p>{{Harvnb|Majumdar|1966|p=147}} Savarkar's ''Bande Mataram'' contained exhortations [advocating terrorism] ... This sort of propaganda produced a natural effect. A. M. T. Jackson, the Magistrate ... was shot dead on 21 December 1909 ... charges against him [Savarkar] included the sending of pistols and seditious pamphlets to India. Another charge was that in 1908 he with the help of residents in the India House manifolded in type a number of copies of a work describing minutely the manner of preparing explosives and bombs. He despatched these copies to various addresses in India.</ref> One of the two charges against Savarkar during his trial in Bombay was for abetting the murder of the District Magistrate of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson, by [[Anant Kanhere]] in December 1909. The arms used were directly traced through an Italian courier to India House. Ex-India House residents M.P.T. Acharya and V.V.S. Aiyar were noted in the [[Rowlatt report]] to have aided and influenced political assassinations, including the murder of Robert D'Escourt Ashe.<ref name="Yadav4"/> The Paris-Safranski link was strongly suggested by French police to be involved in a 1907 attempt in Bengal to derail the train carrying the Lieutenant-Governor [[Sir Andrew Fraser]].<ref name=Popplewell135>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=135}}</ref>

The activities of nationalists abroad is believed to have shaken the loyalty of a number of native regiments of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=Lahiri129>{{Harvnb|Lahiri|2000|p=129}}</ref> The assassination of [[William Hutt Curzon Wyllie]] in the hands of [[Madanlal Dhingra]] was highly publicised and saw increasing surveillance and suppression of Indian nationalism.<ref name=OxfordDNBMadanlalDhingra>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Dhingra, Madan Lal |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/71628 |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/71628 |access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref> These were followed by the [[Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy|1912 attempt]] on the life of Viceroy of India. Following this, the nucleus of networks formed in [[India House]], the [[Anushilan Samiti]], nationalists in Punjab, and the nationalism that arose among Indian expatriates and labourers in North America, a different movement began to emerge in the North American [[Ghadar Party]], culminating in the [[Hindu-German Conspiracy|Sedetious conspiracy]] of World War I led by [[Rash Behari Bose]] and [[Lala Hardayal]].

[[File:India House today.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[India House]] founded by [[Shyamji Krishna Varma]] to promote nationalist views among Indian students in Britain. A number of [[blue plaque]]s commemorate the stay of its various Indian revolutionaries including: [[Madan Lal Dhingra]], [[V. V. S. Aiyar]], [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]], [[Senapati Bapat]], [[M. P. T. Acharya]], [[Anant Laxman Kanhere]] and [[Chempakaraman Pillai]].]]
However, the emergence of the Gandhian movement slowly began to absorb the different revolutionary groups. The Bengal ''Samiti'' moved away from its philosophy of violence in the 1920s, when a number of its members identified closely with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and Gandhian non-violent movement. Revolutionary nationalist violence saw a resurgence after the collapse of Gandhian non-cooperation movement in 1922. In Bengal, this saw reorganisation of groups linked to the ''Samiti'' under the leadership of [[Surya Sen]] and [[Hem Chandra Kanungo]]. A spate of violence led up to the enactment of the [[Bengal Criminal Law Amendment]] in the early 1920s, which recalled the powers of incarceration and detention of the Defence of India Act. In north India, remnants of Punjab and Bengalee revolutionary organisations reorganised, notably under [[Sachindranath Sanyal]], founding the [[Hindustan Republican Association]] with [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] in north India.

The HSRA had strong influences from leftist ideologies. [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) was formed under the leadership of [[Chandrasekhar Azad]]. [[Kakori train robbery]] was done largely by the members of HSRA. A number of Congress leaders from Bengal, especially [[Subhash Chandra Bose]], were accused by the British Government of having links with and allowing patronage to the revolutionary organisations during this time. The violence and radical philosophy revived in the 1930s, when revolutionaries of the ''Samiti'' and the HSRA were involved in the [[Chittagong armoury raid]] and the [[Kakori conspiracy]] and other attempts against the administration in British India and Raj officials. [[Sachindra Nath Sanyal]] mentored revolutionaries in the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Army]] (HSRA), including Bhagat Singh and [[Jatindra Nath Das]], among others; including arms training and how to make bombs.<ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book |title=Filming Reality: The Independent Documentary Movement in India |first=Shoma A. |last=Chatterji |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-35150-543-3 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xV0lDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36}}</ref> [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] threw a bomb inside the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] on 8 April 1929 protesting against the passage of the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Disputes Bill while raising slogans of "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]", though no one was killed or injured in the bomb incident. Bhagat Singh surrendered after the bombing incident and a trial was conducted. Sukhdev and Rajguru were also arrested by police during search operations after the bombing incident. Following the trial (Central Assembly Bomb Case), Bhagat Singh, [[Sukhdev]] and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] were hanged in 1931. [[Allama Mashriqi]] founded [[Khaksars|Khaksar Tehreek]] in order to direct particularly the Muslims towards the self-rule movement.<ref>Khaksar Tehrik Ki Jiddo Juhad Volume 1. Author Khaksar Sher Zaman</ref> Some of its members left for the Indian National Congress then led by Subhas Chandra Bose, while others identified more closely with [[Communism]]. The ''Jugantar'' branch formally dissolved in 1938. On 13 March 1940, [[Udham Singh]] shot [[Michael O'Dwyer]] (the last political murder outside India), generally held responsible for the [[Amritsar Massacre]], in London. However, the revolutionary movement gradually disseminated into the Gandhian movement. As the political scenario changed in the late 1930s&nbsp;— with the mainstream leaders considering several options offered by the British and with religious politics coming into play&nbsp;— revolutionary activities gradually declined. Many past revolutionaries joined mainstream politics by joining [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and other parties, especially [[Communist involvement in Indian Independence movement|communist ones]], while many of the activists were kept under hold in different jails across the country. Indians who were based in the UK, joined [[India League|the India League]] and the [[Indian Workers' Association|Indian Workers Association]], partaking in revolutionary activities in Britain.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Nasta |editor-first=Susheila |year=2013 |title=India in Britain : South Asian networks and connections, 1858–1950 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-39271-7|location=New York|oclc=802321049}}</ref>

Within a short time of its inception, these organisations became the focus of an extensive police and intelligence operations. Operations against {{Lang|bn-latn|[[Anushilan Samiti]]}} saw founding of the [[Special Branch]] of [[Calcutta Police]]. The intelligence operations against India House saw the founding of the [[Indian Political Intelligence Office]] which later grew to be the Intelligence Bureau in independent India. Heading the intelligence and missions against Ghadarite movement and India revolutionaries was the [[MI5(g)]] section, and at one point involved the [[Pinkerton's]] detective agency. Notable officers who led the police and intelligence operations against Indian revolutionaries, or were involved in it, at various time included [[John Arnold Wallinger]], [[Sir Robert Nathan]], [[Sir Harold Stuart]], [[Vernon Kell]], [[Sir Charles Stevenson-Moore]] and [[Sir Charles Tegart]], as well as [[W. Somerset Maugham]]. The threat posed by the activities of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal during [[World War I]], along with the threat of a [[Ghadar mutiny|Ghadarite uprising in Punjab]], saw the passage of [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. These measures saw the arrest, internment, transportations, and execution of a number of revolutionaries linked to the organisation, and was successful in crushing the East Bengal Branch. In the aftermath of the war, the [[Rowlatt committee]] recommended extending the Defence of India Act (as the [[Rowlatt act]]) to thwart any possible revival of the ''Samiti'' in Bengal and the Ghadarite movement in Punjab.

In the 1920s, [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] led the ill-fated [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922]]–24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj.  Local people referred to him as "Manyam Veerudu" ("Hero of the Jungles").  After the passage of the 1882 Madras Forest Act, its restrictions on the free movement of tribal peoples in the forest prevented them from engaging in their traditional ''[[Podu (agriculture)|podu]]'' ([[Slash-and-burn]]) agricultural system, which involved [[shifting cultivation]]. Raju started a protest movement in the border areas of the Godavari Agency part of [[Madras Presidency]] (present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]]).  Inspired by the patriotic zeal of revolutionaries in Bengal, Raju raided police stations in and around [[Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam|Chintapalle]], [[Rampachodavaram]], [[Dammanapalli]], Krishna Devi Peta, [[Rajavommangi]], [[Addateegala]], [[Narsipatnam]] and [[Annavaram]]. Raju and his followers stole guns and ammunition and killed several [[British Indian Army]] officers, including Scott Coward near [[Dammanapalli]].<ref name="Balakrishna">{{cite web|last=Balakrishna|first=V.G.|title=Freedom Movement in Andhra Pradesh|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0798/PIBF0707982.html|publisher=Government of India Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> The British campaign lasted for nearly a year from December 1922. Raju was eventually trapped by the British in the forests of Chintapalli then tied to a tree and shot dead with a rifle.<ref name="Balakrishna"/>

The [[Kallara-Pangode Struggle]] was one of some 39 agitations against the Government of India.  The Home department has later notified about 38 movements/struggles across Indian territories as the ones that culminated in self-rule ended the [[British Raj]].

[[Vanchinathan]], in a letter found in his pocket, stated the following:
{{Quote frame| I dedicate my life as a small contribution to my motherland. I am alone responsible for this.<br />
The [[Mleccha|mlechas]] of England having captured our country, tread over the [[Sanatana Dharma]] of the Hindus and destroy them. Every Indian is trying to drive out the English and get ''swarajyam'' and restore Sanatana Dharma. Our Raman, Sivaji, Krishnan, Guru Govindan, Arjuna ruled our land protecting all dharmas, but in this land, they are making arrangements to crown George V, a [[Mleccha|mlecha]], and one who eats the flesh of cows.<br />
Three thousand ''Madrasees'' have taken a vow to kill George V as soon as he lands in our country. In order to make others know our intention, I who am the least in the company, have done this deed this day. This is what everyone in Hindustan should consider it as his duty.<br />
I will kill Ashe, whose arrival here is to celebrate the crowning of cow-eater King George V in this glorious land which was once ruled by great [[Emperor|Samrat]]s. This I do to make them understand the fate of those who cherish the thought of enslaving this sacred land.
I, as the least of them, wish to warn George by killing Ashe.<br />
[[Vande Mataram]]. Vande Mataram. Vande Mataram<br />
: -[[Vanchinathan]]}}