Editing Hui people (section)

== Culture ==

===Sects===
{{main|Muslim groups in China}}

===Mosques===
[[File:The Mosque in Guangzhou 27.JPG|thumb|The [[Xianxian Mosque]] in [[Guangzhou]]]]

The style of architecture of [[List of mosques in China|Hui mosques]] varies [[Muslim groups in China|according to their sect]]. The traditionalist [[Gedimu]] Hanafi Sunnis, influenced by Chinese culture, build mosques which look like Chinese temples. The reformist modernist [[Yihewani]], originally inspired by [[Salafism]], build their mosques in a middle-eastern style.

=== Foot binding ===

Hui women once practiced [[foot binding]], at the time a common practice across China. It was particularly prevalent in [[Gansu]].{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1916|p=893}} The [[Dungan people]], descendants of Hui from northwestern China who fled to Central Asia, also practised foot binding until 1948.<ref>{{cite book| first1=Touraj  |last1=Atabaki |first2=Sanjyot |last2=Mehendale| title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora| url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=zwKBZmpBo5YC|page=31}}| access-date=1 January 2011| year=2005| publisher=Psychology Press| isbn=0-415-33260-5| page=31}}</ref> However, in southern China, in [[Canton (Guangzhou)|Canton]], [[James Legge]] encountered a mosque that had a placard denouncing footbinding, saying Islam did not allow it, since it violated God's creation.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=fpcuAAAAYAAJ|page=111}}|title=The religions of China: Confucianism and Tâoism described and compared with Christianity|first=James|last=Legge|year=1880|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |page=111|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref>

===Cultural practices===
[[File:Hui family eid.jpg|thumb|right|An ethnic Hui family celebrating Eid ul-Fitr in [[Ningxia]].]]
French army Commandant Viscount D'Ollone reported in 1910 that Sichuanese Hui did not strictly enforce the Islamic practices of [[teetotal]]ing, ritual washing and Friday prayers. Chinese practices like [[Jingxiang|incense burning]] at [[ancestral tablets]] and honoring [[Confucius]] were adopted. One practice that was stringently observed was the ban on pork consumption.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=80}}
[[File:HuiChineseMuslim2.jpg|thumb|Hui men praying in a mosque]]
The Sunni [[Gedimu]] and the [[Yihewani]] burned incense during worship. This was viewed as [[Taoism|Daoist]] or [[Chinese Buddhism|Buddhist]] influence.{{sfn|Rubin|2000|p=80}} The Hui were also known as the "white capped". Hui used incense during worship, while the [[Salar people|Salar]], also known as "black capped" Hui considered this to be a [[Bidʻah|heathen ritual]] and denounced it.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ynMqAAAAMAAJ |page=680}}|title=The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church, Volume 3|author=Knights of Columbus Catholic Truth Committee |year=1913|publisher=Encyclopedia Press|page=680|access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref>

In [[Yunnan]] province, during the Qing dynasty, tablets that wished the Emperor a long life were placed at mosque entrances. No [[minaret]]s were available and no chanting accompanied the call to prayer. The mosques were similar to Buddhist temples, and incense was burned inside.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=77}}

Hui enlisted in the military and were praised for their martial skills.

[[Circumcision]] in Islam is known as ''[[khitan (circumcision)|khitan]]''. Islamic scholars agree that it is required (mandatory), or recommended.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/islamethics/malecircumcision.shtml | title=BBC – Religions – Islam: Circumcision of boys }}</ref> However, circumcision is not universally practiced among the Hui.<ref name=":1" /> In the regions where it is undertaken, Hui tradition is that the maternal uncle (''Jiujiu'') play an important role by the circumcision and wedding of his nephew.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | url=https://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/649 | doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.649 | title=Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan | year=2003 | last1=Allès | first1=Élisabeth | journal=China Perspectives | volume=2003 | issue=5 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Names ===

The long history of Hui residence and mixing in China has led the Hui to adopt names typical of their Han neighbors; however, some common Hui names are actually Chinese renderings of common Muslim (i.e. [[Arabic]]) and [[Persia]]n names. For instance, surname "Ma" for "[[Muhammad (name)|Muhammad]]".

Hui people usually have a Chinese name and a Muslim name in [[Arabic]], although the Chinese name is used primarily. Some Hui do not remember their Muslim names.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=78}}

Hui people who adopt foreign names may not use their Muslim names.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=nnlCAAAAYAAJ|page=178}}|title=Pakistan horizon, Volumes 1–3|year=1948|publisher=Pakistan Institute of International Affairs|page=178|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> An example of this is [[Pai Hsien-yung]], a Hui author in America, who adopted the name Kenneth. His father was Muslim general [[Bai Chongxi]], who had his children adopt western names.

==== Surnames ====

Hui people commonly believe that their surnames originated as "Sinified" forms of their foreign Muslim ancestors some time during the Yuan or Ming eras.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=250}} Common Hui surnames:<ref name="Susan Debra Blum, Lionel M. Jensen 2002 121">{{cite book| first1=Susan Debra |last1=Blum |first2=Lionel M. |last2=Jensen |title=China off center: mapping the margins of the middle kingdom| url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=pA_MP4Q11qgC |page=121}}| access-date=9 April 2011| year=2002| publisher=University of Hawaii Press| isbn=0-8248-2577-2| page=121}}</ref>{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=375}}{{sfn|Rubin|2000|p=79}}<ref>{{cite book| first=Leif O. |last=Manger| title=Muslim diversity: local Islam in global contexts| url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=uHjR3yeIWzUC|p=132}}| access-date=9 April 2011 | year=1999| publisher=Routledge| isbn=0-7007-1104-X| page=132}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
*[[Ma (surname)|Ma]] for [[Muhammad (name)|Muhammad]]
*[[Mu (surname)|Mu]] for Muhammad{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=33}}
*[[Han (Chinese surname)|Han]]
*Ha for [[Hassan (surname)|Hasan]]
*[[Hu (surname)|Hu]] for [[Hussein]]
*Sai for [[Sa‘id]]
*[[Sha (surname)|Sha]] for [[Shah (surname)|Shah]]
*[[Zheng (surname)|Zheng]] for [[Shams (disambiguation)|Shams]]
*[[Guo]] (Koay) for [[Qamar ud-Din (disambiguation)|Kamaruddin]]
*[[Cai (surname)|Cai]] (Chuah) for [[Osman (name)|Osman]]
*[[Hai (surname)|Hai]] for [[Haydar]]
}}
A [[Ningxia]] legend states that four common Hui surnames—Na, [[Su (surname)|Su]], La, and [[Ding (surname)|Ding]]—originate with the descendants of [[Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)|Nasruddin]], a son of [[Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar]], who "divided" the ancestor's name (''Nasulading'', in Chinese) among themselves.{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=22}}

=== Literature ===

The [[Han Kitab]] is a collection of Islamic and Confucian texts written by various Hui authors in the 18th century, including [[Liu Zhi (scholar)|Liu Zhi]]. New works were written by Hui intellectuals following education reform by [[Ma Clique]] warlords and [[Bai Chongxi]]. Some texts were translated from Arabic.<ref>{{cite web|title=The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam|last=Masumi|first=Matsumoto|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676|access-date=28 June 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504052115/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676}}</ref>

A new edition of a book by [[Ma Te-hsin]], called ''Ho-yin Ma Fu-ch'u hsien-sheng i-shu Ta hua tsung kuei Ssu tien yaohui'', first printed in 1865, was reprinted in 1927 by Ma Fuxiang.<ref>{{cite book| first=Mary Clabaugh |last=Wright| author-link=Mary C. Wright| title=Last Stand of Chinese Conservatism the T'Ung-Chih| url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=VaOaAAAAIAAJ|page=406}}| access-date=28 June 2010| year=1957| publisher=Stanford University Press| isbn=0-8047-0475-9| page=406}}</ref> General Ma Fuxiang invested in new editions of Confucian and Islamic texts.{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p=176}} He edited ''Shuofang Daozhi'',<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=PCktSQAACAAJ}} |year=1926 |title=Shuo fang dao zhi}}{{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=5ybyHgAACAAJ}} |script-title=zh:朔方道志: 31卷 |last1=Ma |first1=Fuxiang |author-link1=Ma Fuxiang |year=1987|publisher=Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House ({{lang|zh|天津古籍出版社}})}}</ref> a gazette and books such as Meng Cang ZhuangKuang: Hui Bu Xinjiang fu.<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y|id=tVq1GwAACAAJ}}|script-title=zh:蒙藏狀况: 回部新疆坿 |trans-title=Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Status: Mikurube Xinjiang Agricultural Experiment Station |last1=Ma |first1=Fuxiang |author-link1=Ma Fuxiang |year=1931|publisher=Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission}}</ref>

=== Language ===

The Hui of Yunnan, whom the Burmese called Panthays, were reportedly fluent in Arabic.{{sfn|Fytche|1878|p=301}} During the [[Panthay Rebellion]], Arabic replaced Chinese as the official language of the rebel kingdom.<ref>
{{cite journal 
|last=Evans 
|first=Brian L. 
|date=March 1985 
|title=The Panthay Mission of 1872 and its Legacies 
|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 
|volume=16 
|issue=1 
|pages=117–128 
|doi=10.1017/s0022463400012790 
|jstor=20070843
|s2cid=162316292 
}}</ref>

Published in 1844, ''The Chinese repository, Volume 13'' includes an account of an Englishman who stayed in the Chinese city of [[Ningbo]], where he visited the local mosque. The Hui running the mosque was from Shandong and descended from residents of the Arabian city of [[Medina]]. He was able to read and speak Arabic with ease, but was illiterate in Chinese, although he was born in China and spoke Chinese.<ref>
{{cite book
|url=
{{google books  |plainurl=y  |id=6wEMAAAAYAAJ |p=31}}
|title=The Chinese repository, Volume 13
|year=1844
|page=31
|access-date=8 May 2011
}}
</ref>

=== Marriage ===

Hui marriages resemble typical Chinese marriages except that traditional Chinese rituals are not used.<ref>{{cite book| first=Andreas |last=Graeser| title=Zenon von Kition| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=dBuqWVXGTzAC |page=368}}| access-date=28 November 2010| year=1975| publisher=Walter de Gruyter| isbn=3-11-004673-3| page=368}}</ref> Endogamy is practiced by Hui, who mainly marry amongst themselves rather than with Muslims from other sects.<ref>{{cite book| first=Zhongyi |last=Jia| title=The marriage customs among China's ethnic minority groups| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=3BHkUYCkOnYC|page=25}}| access-date=12 May 2011| year=2006| publisher={{lang|zh|中信出版社}}| isbn=7-5085-1003-8| page=25}}</ref> However, the Hui Na family in Ningxia is known to practice both parallel and cross [[cousin marriage]].<ref name="Susan Debra Blum, Lionel M. Jensen 2002 121"/> The Najiahu village in Ningxia is named after this family, descended from [[Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar]].{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=22}}

==== Outside marriage ====

Intermarriage generally involves a Han Chinese converting to Islam when marrying a Hui, and marriage without conversion only takes place rarely. In Hui discourse, marriage between a Hui woman and a Han man is not allowed unless the Han converts to Islam, although it occurred repeatedly in Eastern China. Generally Han of both sexes have to convert to Islam before marrying. This practice helped increase the population of Hui.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plurality and Unity in the Configuration of the Chinese People|last=FEI|first=XIAOTONG|date=15–17 November 1988|work=THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES |url=http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/fei90.pdf|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong|page=30|access-date=31 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610071632/http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/fei90.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> A case of switching nationality occurred in 1972 when a Han man married a Hui and was considered a Hui after converting.<ref name="Susan Debra Blum, Lionel M. Jensen 2002 121"/>

''Zhao nuxu'' is a practice where the son-in-law moves in with the wife's family. Some marriages between Han and Hui are conducted this way. The husband does not need to convert, but the wife's family follows Islamic customs. No census data documents this type of marriage, reporting only cases in which the wife moves in with the groom's family.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=211}} In [[Henan]] province, a marriage was recorded between a Han boy and Hui girl without the Han converting, during the [[Ming dynasty]]. Steles in Han and Hui villages record this story and Hui and Han members of the Lineage celebrate at the ancestral temple together.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allès|first=Elizabeth |url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document649.html|title=Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan|journal=China Perspectives|year=2003|volume=2003|issue=5 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.649 |access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=30 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630215652/http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document649.html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Beijing, Oxen street Gladney found 37 Han–Hui couples; two of which were had Hui wives and the other 35 had Hui husbands.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=209}} Data was collected in different Beijing districts. In Ma Dian 20% of intermarriages were Hui women marrying into Han families, in Tang Fang 11% of intermarriage were Hui women marrying into Han families. 67.3% of intermarriage in Tang Fang were Han women marrying into a Hui family and in Ma Dian 80% of intermarriage were Han women marrying into Hui families.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=210}}

[[Li Nu]], the son of Li Lu, from a Han Chinese Li family in Quanzhou visited [[Ormus|Hormuz]] in [[Persia]] in 1376. He married a [[Persian people|Persian]] or an [[Arab]] girl, and brought her back to [[Quanzhou]]. He then converted to Islam. Li Nu was the ancestor of Ming dynasty reformer [[Li Zhi (philosopher)|Li Chih]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=067On0JgItAC |page=817}}|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644|series=A-L, Volumes 1–2 |author=Association for Asian studies |year=1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=817|isbn=978-0231038010|access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Joseph |last=Needham| title=Science and civilisation in China |volume=4| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=l6TVhvYLaEwC}}| access-date=29 June 2010| date=1 April 1971| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-07060-0| page=495}}.</ref>

In [[Gansu]] province in the 1800s, a Muslim Hui woman married into the [[Han Chinese]] Kong lineage of Dachuan, which was descended from Confucius. The Han Chinese groom and his family were only converted to Islam after the marriage by their Muslim relatives. In 1715 in [[Yunnan]] province, few Han Chinese married Hui women and converted to Islam.

Jiang Xingzhou, a Han [[Eight Banners|bannerman lieutenant from the Bordered Yellow Banner]], married a Muslim woman in [[Mukden]] during Qianlong's late reign. He fled his position due to fear of being punished for being a bannerman marrying a commoner woman. He was sentenced to death for leaving his official post but the sentence was commuted and he was not executed.<ref>GZSL,juan1272, QL 52.1.8 (25 February 1787).</ref>

In the [[Dungan Revolt (1895–96)]] 400 Muslims in Topa [[w:zh:多巴镇|多巴]] did not join the revolt and proclaimed their loyalty to China. An argument between a Han Chinese and his Muslim wife led to these Muslims getting massacred, when she threatened that the Muslims from Topa would attack Tankar and give a signal to their co-religionists to rise up and open the gates by burning the temples atop the hills. The husband reported this to an official and the next day the Muslims were massacred with the exception of a few Muslim girls who were married off to Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple|author=Susie Carson Rijnhart |location=Chicago, New York & Toronto|edition=3rd|year=1901 |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|chapter=CHAPTER VIII OUR REMOVAL TO TANKAR|chapter-url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/rijnhart/tibetans/tibetans.html|access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304010301/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/rijnhart/tibetans/tibetans.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Susie Carson Rijnhart|title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple: Narrative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Borders and of a Journey Into the Far Interior|year=1999 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWh-NGQSZdkC&q=During+the+recent+rebellion,+as+already+stated,+a+large+proportion+of+the+Mohammedan+population+left+their+homes+and+joined+the+rebel+forces,+while+th&pg=PA135|isbn=978-81-206-1302-7|access-date=6 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081559/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWh-NGQSZdkC&pg=PA135&dq=During+the+recent+rebellion,+as+already+stated,+a+large+proportion+of+the+Mohammedan+population+left+their+homes+and+joined+the+rebel+forces,+while+th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Susie Carson Rijnhart |year=1901 |title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple: Narrative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Border, and of a Journey Into the Far Interior |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |url=https://archive.org/details/withtibetansint00rijngoog |quote=During the recent rebellion, as already stated, a large proportion of the Mohammedan population left their homes and joined the rebel forces,{{nbsp}}...|pages=[https://archive.org/details/withtibetansint00rijngoog/page/n146 135]}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Hui men marrying Han women and Han men who marry Hui women have above average education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50502|title=The Cross-Cultural Patterns of Interracial Marriage|last1=Heaton|first1=Tim B.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Cardell K.|date=September 2004|page=10|publisher=Department of Sociology Brigham Young University|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133855/http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50502|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Hui have supported modern education and reform. Hui such as [[Hu Songshan]] and the [[Ma Clique]] warlords promoted western, modern secular education. Elite Hui received both Muslim and [[Confucian]] education. They studied the [[Quran]] and Confucian texts like the [[Spring and Autumn Annals]].{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p=168}} Hui people refused to follow the [[May Fourth Movement]]. Instead, they taught both western subjects such as science along with traditional Confucian literature and classical Chinese, along with Islamic education and Arabic.{{sfn|Dudoignon|Komatsu|Kosugi|2006|p=251}} Hui warlord [[Ma Bufang]] built a girls' school in [[Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture|Linxia]] that taught modern secular subjects.{{sfn|Jaschok|Shui|2000|p=96}} Hui have had female imams, called Nu Ahong for centuries. They are the world's only female Imams. They guide women in prayer but are not allowed to lead prayers.<ref>{{cite news|title=Muslim women do it their way in Ningxia |agency=AP |location=WUZHONG, CHINA|newspaper=Taipei Times|page=9|date=20 December 2006 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/12/20/2003341218|access-date=29 May 2011 |archive-date=30 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130061459/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/12/20/2003341218|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Military service ===
[[File:Chiang Kaishek with Muslim General Ma Fushou.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Chiang Kai-shek]], head of the [[Kuomintang]] with Muslim General [[Ma Fushou]].]]
[[File:F985680007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Ma Jiyuan]], a Muslim General, at his wedding with [[Kuomintang]] flag.]]

Muslims have served extensively in the Chinese military for a long time in Chinese history, as both officials and soldiers, often filling the more distinguished military positions.{{sfn|Hastings|Selbie|Gray|1916|p=893}} During the Tang dynasty, 3,000 Chinese soldiers and Arab 3,000 Muslim soldiers were traded to each other in an agreement.{{sfn|Keim|1951|p=121}} In 756, 3,000 Arab mercenaries joined the Chinese against the [[An Lushan rebellion]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Needham |first1=Joseph |last2=Ho |first2=Ping-Yu |last3=Lu |first3=Gwei-Djen |last4=Sivin |first4=Nathan |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts |date=1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=052108573X |page=416 |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrNDwP0pS8sC&pg=PA416}}</ref> A mythical Hui legendary folklore account claims 3000 Chinese soldiers were swapped by [[Guo Ziyi]] with the Muslims for 300 "Hui" soldiers, and said that only 3 Hui survived the war against An Lushan and populated Ningxia.{{sfn|Israeli |2017 |p = 26}} A massacre of thousands of foreign Arab and Persian Muslim merchants and other foreigners by former Yan rebel general [[Tian Shengong]] happened during the An Lushan rebellion in the [[Yangzhou massacre (760)]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wan |first1=Lei |year=2017 |title=The earliest Muslim communities in China |series=Qiraat No. 8 (February – March 2017) |publisher=King Faisal Center For Research and Islamic Studies |isbn=978-603-8206-39-3 |page=11 |url=https://www.kfcris.com/pdf/6b438689cf0f36eb4ce727e76d747c3d5af140055feaf.pdf}}</ref>{{sfn|Qi|2010|p=221-227}} The rebel [[Huang Chao]]'s army in southern China committed the [[Guangzhou massacre]] against over 120,000 to 200,000 foreign Arab and Persian Muslim, Zoroastrian, Jewish and Christian merchants in 878–879 at the seaport and trading entrepot of [[Guangzhou]].{{sfn|Gernet|1996|p=292}}

During the [[Ming dynasty]], Hui generals and troops loyal to Ming fought against Mongols and Hui loyal to the Yuan dynasty in the [[Ming conquest of Yunnan]].{{sfn|Dillon|1999|p=34}}<ref>
{{cite book 
|last1=Tan 
|first1=Ta Sen 
|first2=Dasheng 
|last2=Chen 
|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 
|url={{Google books|plainurl=y|id=RSRBMSvQHmQC|page=170}} 
|access-date=28 June 2010 
|date=19 October 2009 
|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 
|isbn=978-981-230-837-5 
|page=170}}
</ref> Hui also fought for the emperor against aboriginal tribes in southern China during the [[Miao Rebellions (Ming dynasty)|Miao Rebellions]]. Many Hui soldiers of the Ming dynasty then settled in [[Yunnan]] and [[Hunan]] provinces.

During the [[Qing dynasty]], Hui troops in the Imperial army helped crush Hui rebels during the [[Dungan revolt (1895–1896)|Dungan revolt]] and Panthay Rebellion. The Qing administration in Xinjiang also preferred to use Hui as police.<ref>
{{cite book 
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=9skBUtc0YTwC|page=68}} 
|title=The Cambridge history of China, Volume 10 
|author1=Denis Crispin Twitchett 
|author2=John King Fairbank 
|year=1977
|publisher=Cambridge University Press 
|page=68 
|isbn = 0-521-21447-5 
|access-date=28 June 2010 
}}
</ref> [[Yang Zengxin]], the Han Chinese governor of Xinjiang, extensively relied on Hui generals like [[Ma Shaowu]] and [[Ma Fuxing]]. Qing Muslim general [[Zuo Baogui]] (1837–1894), from [[Shandong]] province, was killed in [[Pyongyang|Pingyang]] in Korea by Japanese cannon fire in 1894 while defending the city, where a memorial to him stands.<ref>
{{cite book 
|first=Aliya Ma 
|last=Lynn
| title=Muslims in China 
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=s4Lp8tgr3esC|page=44}} 
|access-date=28 June 2010 
|date=1 August 2007 
|publisher=University Press 
|isbn=978-0-88093-861-7 
|page=44
}}
</ref> Hui troops also fought western armies for the first time in the [[Boxer Rebellion]], winning battles including the [[Battle of Langfang]] and [[Battle of Beicang]]. These troops were the [[Kansu Braves]] led by General [[Dong Fuxiang]].

Military service continued into the Republic of China period. After the [[Kuomintang]] party took power, Hui participation in the military reached new levels. [[Qinghai]] and [[Ningxia]] were created out of [[Gansu]] province, and the Kuomintang appointed Hui generals as military governors of all three provinces. They became known as the [[Ma Clique]]. Many Muslim [[Salar people|Salar]] joined the army in the Republic era; they and [[Dongxiang people|Dongxiang]] who have joined the army are described as being given "eating rations" meaning military service.<ref>
{{cite book
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=u5soAAAAYAAJ|page=379}} 
|title=The Moslem World, Volume 10 
|author=Christian Literature Society for India
|editor=Samuel Marinus Zwemer
|year=1920
|publisher=Hartford Seminary Foundation 
|page=379
|access-date=6 June 2011
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 
|title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia 
|first=James B. 
|last=Minahan 
|page=240 
|isbn=9781610690188 
|date=10 February 2014 
|publisher=Abc-Clio 
|access-date=16 September 2016 
|archive-date=3 August 2020

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803103644/https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 
|url-status=live 
}}
</ref>

The Chinese government appointed Ma Fuxiang as military governor of [[Suiyuan]]. Ma Fuxiang commented on the willingness for Hui people to become martyrs in battle (see [[Martyrdom in Islam]]), saying:

<blockquote>They have not enjoyed the educational and political privileges of the Han Chinese, and they are in many respects primitive. But they know the meaning of fidelity, and if I say "do this, although it means death," they cheerfully obey.<ref>
{{cite book 
|first=Upton 
|last=Close 
|title=In the Land of the Laughing Buddha – The Adventures of an American Barbarian in China 
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=DpQa22PJutwC |page=271}} 
|access-date=2010-06-28 
|date=2007-03-30 
|publisher=READ BOOKS 
|isbn=978-1-4067-1675-7 
|page=271}}
</ref>
</blockquote>

Hui generals and soldiers fought for the Republic against Tibet in the [[Sino-Tibetan War]], against Uyghur rebels in the [[Kumul Rebellion]], the Soviet Union in the [[Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang]] and against Japan in the [[Second Sino Japanese War]]. The Japanese planned to invade Ningxia from [[Suiyuan]] in 1939 and create a Hui puppet state. The next year in 1940, the Japanese were defeated militarily by Kuomintang Muslim general [[Ma Hongbin]]. Ma Hongbin's Hui Muslim troops launched further attacks against Japan in the [[Battle of West Suiyuan]].<ref>{{cite book 
|first=Xiaoyuan 
|last=Liu 
|title=Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921–1945 
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=impqApZWrJyIC |page=131}} 
|access-date=28 June 2010 
|year=2004 
|publisher=Stanford University Press 
|isbn=0-8047-4960-4 
|page=131 
}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The Chinese Islamic Association issued "A message to all Muslims in China from the Chinese Islamic Association for National Salvation" in [[Ramadan]] of 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

<blockquote>We have to implement the teaching "the love of the fatherland is an article of faith" by the Prophet Muhammad and to inherit the Hui's glorious history in China. In addition, let us reinforce our unity and participate in the twice more difficult task of supporting a defensive war and promoting religion{{nbsp}}... We hope that ahongs and the elite will initiate a movement of prayer during Ramadan and implement group prayer to support our intimate feeling toward Islam. A sincere unity of Muslims should be developed to contribute power towards the expulsion of Japan.</blockquote>

[[File:1955 Ma Bufang with KMT ambassador to Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|[[Ma Bufang]] and Hui children in Egypt.]]

"Ahong" is the Mandarin Chinese word for "imam". During the war against Japan, the imams supported Muslim resistance, calling for Muslims to participate in the fight against Japan, claiming that casualties would become [[shahid|shaheed]]s (martyrs).{{sfn|Dudoignon|Komatsu|Kosugi|2006|p=136}} [[Ma Zhanshan]] was a Hui guerilla fighter against the Japanese.

Hui forces were known for their anti-communist sentiment, and fought for the Kuomintang against the CCP in the [[Chinese Civil War]], and against rebels during the [[Ili Rebellion]]. [[Bai Chongxi]], a Hui general, was appointed to the post of Minister of National Defence, the highest military position in the Republic of China. After the Communist victory and evacuation of the Kuomintang to Taiwan, Hui people continued to serve in the military of the Republic as opposed to the Communist-led People's Republic. Ma Bufang became the ambassador of the Republic of China (Taiwan) to Saudi Arabia. His brother, [[Ma Buqing]], remained a military general on Taiwan. [[Bai Chongxi]] and [[Ma Ching-chiang]] were other Hui who served in Taiwan as military generals.

The PLA recruited Hui soldiers who formally had served under Ma Bufang, as well as Salafi soldiers, to crush the Tibetan revolt in [[Amdo]] during the [[1959 Tibetan uprising]].<ref>
{{cite book 
|first=Warren W. 
|last=Smith 
|title=The Tibetan nation: a history of Tibetan nationalism and Sino-Tibetan relations 
|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=SbHtAAAAMAAJ|page=443}} 
|access-date=28 June 2010 
|date=24 October 1996 
|publisher=Westview Press 
|isbn=0-8133-3155-2 
|page=443}}
</ref>

=== Politics ===
[[File:NRA Generals Northern Expedition.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|right|Chinese Generals pay tribute to the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum at the [[Temple of the Azure Clouds]] in Beijing after the success of the Northern Expedition. From right to left, are Generals Cheng Jin, Zhang Zuobao, Chen Diaoyuan, [[Chiang Kai-shek]], [[Woo Tsin-hang]], Wen Xishan, [[Ma Fuxiang]], Ma Sida and [[Bai Chongxi]]. (6 July 1928)]]The majority of the Hui Muslim [[Ma Clique]] Generals were Kuomintang party members and encouraged Chinese nationalism in their provinces. Kuomintang members [[Ma Qi]], [[Ma Lin (warlord)]], and Ma Bufang served as military governors of [[Qinghai]], [[Ma Hongbin]] served as military governor of [[Gansu]], and [[Ma Hongkui]] served as military governor of Ningxia. General Ma Fuxiang was promoted to governor of Anhui and became chairman of Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs. Ma Bufang, Ma Fuxiang, and Bai Chongxi were all members of the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, which ruled China in a [[one-party state]]. Member [[Bai Chongxi]] helped build the [[Taipei Grand Mosque]] on Taiwan. Many members of the Hui [[Ma Clique]] were Kuomintang.

Hui put Kuomintang [[Blue Sky with a White Sun]] party symbols on their [[Halal]] restaurants and shops. A Christian missionary in 1935 took a picture of a Muslim meat restaurant in [[Hankou]] that had Arabic and Chinese lettering indicating that it was Halal (fit for Muslim consumption). It had two Kuomintang party symbols on it.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=9}}

=== Increasing religiosity in China ===
[[File:General Ma Fuxiang.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Ma Fuxiang]]]]According to [[Dru C. Gladney|Dru Gladney]], professor at [[Pomona College]] in California and a leading scholar on the Hui people, Hui Muslims are enjoying a resurgence in religiosity in China, and that the number of practising Muslims among the Hui people, are rising as well as a "dramatic increase" in the number of Hui women wearing the [[Hijab]], and the numbers of Hui going on the [[Hajj|Haj]]. There are also estimated twice as many mosques in China today than there were in 1950, in which majority were built by Hui Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=The Hui – China's preferred Muslims? {{!}} DW {{!}} 09.12.2016|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-hui-chinas-preferred-muslims/a-36699666|access-date=2021-12-06|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref>

One of the reasons for the trend in China, is that Hui Muslims play a vital role as being middlemen in trade between the Middle East and China, and the China-Middle East trade has become increasingly important to the country. Consequently, the government has started constructing a $3.7 billion Islamic theme park called "World Muslim City", in [[Yinchuan]], one of Hui Muslims hubs. Additionally unlike Uyghurs, who faces far more restrictions in religious freedoms, Hui Muslims generally do not seek independence from China and have a cultural affinity to the Han, and are far more [[Sinicization|assimilated into mainstream Chinese life]]. "It's not an issue of freedom of religion," says Gladney, "Clearly, there are many avenues of religious expression that are unfettered in China, but when you cross these very often nebulous and shifting boundaries of what the state regards as political, then you're in dangerous territory. Obviously this is what we see in Xinjiang and in Tibet".<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=If China Is Anti-Islam, Why Are These Chinese Muslims Enjoying a Faith Revival?|url=https://time.com/3099950/china-muslim-hui-xinjiang-uighur-islam/|access-date=2021-12-06|magazine=Time|language=en}}</ref>