Editing Huguenots (section)

====England====
{{See also|History of the Huguenots in Kent}}[[File:huguenot canterbury.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.15|Huguenot weavers' houses at [[Canterbury]]]]
As a major Protestant nation, England patronized and helped protect Huguenots since at least the mid-1500s. Kent hosted the [[History of the Huguenots in Kent|first congregation of Huguenots]] in England in around 1548.<ref>Cross, Francis W. (1898). ''History of the Walloon & Huguenot Church at Canterbury''. Canterbury: Printed for the Huguenot Society of London. p. 3.</ref> During the reign of [[Mary I of England|Mary I]] (1553–1558) they were expelled but, with the accession of [[Elizabeth I]], returned to London in 1559 and Kent in 1561.<ref>Smiles, Samuel (1867). ''The Huguenots: their Settlements, Churches, & Industries in England and Ireland''. London: John Murray, Albermarle Street. p. 104.</ref> An early group of Huguenots settled in [[Colchester]] in 1565.<ref>D.J.B. Trim, . "The Secret War of Elizabeth I: England and the Huguenots during the early Wars of Religion, 1562–77." ''Proceedings of the Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 27.2 (1999): 189–199.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|title=Colchester|publisher=Huguenots of Spitalfields|access-date=5 April 2021|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323234810/http://huguenotsofspitalfields.org/learning-modal/colchester.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was a small naval [[Anglo-French War (1627–1629)]], in which the English supported the French Huguenots against King Louis XIII.<ref>G.M.D. Howat, ''Stuart and Cromwellian Foreign Policy'' (1974) p. 156.</ref> London financed the emigration of many to England and its colonies around 1700. Some 40,000–50,000 settled in England, mostly in towns near the sea in the southern districts, with the largest concentration in London where they constituted about 5% of the total population in 1700.<ref>Roy A. Sundstrom, "French Huguenots and the Civil List, 1696–1727: A Study of Alien Assimilation in England." ''Albion'' 8.3 (1976): 219–235.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "The number of Huguenot immigrants in England in the late seventeenth century." ''Journal of Historical Geography'' 9.4 (1983): 384–395.</ref><ref>Robin Gwynn, "England's First Refugees" ''History Today'' (May 1985) 38#5 pp. 22–28.</ref> Many others went to the American colonies, especially [[History of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>Jon Butler, ''The Huguenots in America: A refugee people in New World society'' (1983).</ref><ref>Kurt Gingrich, "'That Will Make Carolina Powerful and Flourishing': Scots and Huguenots in Carolina in the 1680s." ''South Carolina Historical Magazine'' 110.1/2 (2009): 6–34. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40646895 online]</ref> The immigrants included many skilled craftsmen and entrepreneurs who facilitated the economic modernization of their new home, in an era when economic innovations were transferred by people rather than through printed works. The British government ignored the complaints made by local craftsmen about the favoritism shown to foreigners.<ref>Heinz Schilling,"Innovation through migration: the settlements of Calvinistic Netherlanders in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Central and Western Europe." ''Histoire Sociale/Social History'' 16.31 (1983). [https://hssh.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/hssh/article/download/38252/34652 online]</ref><ref>Mark Greengrass, "Protestant exiles and their assimilation in early modern England." ''Immigrants & Minorities'' 4.3 (1985): 68–81.</ref> The immigrants assimilated well in terms of using English, joining the Church of England, intermarriage and business success. They founded the silk industry in England.<ref>Irene Scouloudi, ed. ''Huguenots in Britain and Their French Background, 1550–1800'' (1987)</ref><ref>Lien Bich Luu, "French-speaking refugees and the foundation of the London silk industry in the 16th century." ''Proceedings-Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland'' 26 (1997): 564–576.</ref> Many became private tutors, schoolmasters, travelling tutors and owners of riding schools, where they were hired by the upper class.<ref>Michael Green, "Bridging the English Channel: Huguenots in the educational milieu of the English upper class." ''Paedagogica Historica'' 54.4 (2018): 389–409 [https://www.academia.edu/download/55268939/Bridging_the_English_Channel_Huguenots_i.pdf online]{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Both before and after the 1708 passage of the [[Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708|Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act]], an estimated 50,000 Protestant [[Walloons]] and French Huguenots fled to England, with many moving on to Ireland and elsewhere. In relative terms, this was one of the largest waves of immigration ever of a single ethnic community to Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/world/britain/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12010095 |title=The Huguenots in England |newspaper=The Economist|date= 28 August 2008|access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref> [[Andrew Lortie]] (born André Lortie), a leading Huguenot theologian and writer who led the exiled community in London, became known for articulating their criticism of the Pope and the doctrine of [[transubstantiation]] during Mass.

Of the refugees who arrived on the [[Kent]] coast, many gravitated towards [[Canterbury]], then the county's [[Calvinist]] hub. Many Walloon and Huguenot families were granted [[Right of asylum|asylum]] there. [[Edward VI of England|Edward VI]] granted them the whole of the western crypt of [[Canterbury Cathedral]] for worship. In 1825, this privilege was reduced to the south aisle and in 1895 to the former [[chantry]] chapel of the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]]. Services are still held there in French according to the Reformed tradition every Sunday at 3&nbsp;pm.
[[File:Fruchard.jpg|thumb|Trade card for Philip Fruchard, a Huguenot [[coal merchant]] in London]]
Other evidence of the Walloons and Huguenots in Canterbury includes a block of houses in Turnagain Lane, where [[weavers' windows]] survive on the top floor, as many Huguenots worked as weavers. The Weavers, a [[timber framing|half-timbered]] house by the river, was the site of a weaving school from the late 16th century to about 1830. (It has been adapted as a restaurant—see illustration above. The house derives its name from a weaving school which was moved there in the last years of the 19th century, reviving an earlier use.) Other refugees practiced the variety of occupations necessary to sustain the community as distinct from the indigenous population. Such economic separation was the condition of the refugees' initial acceptance in the city.<!-- dead link<ref>[http://www.digiserve.com/peter/weavers.htm "Huguenot Weavers"], Digiserve</ref> --> They also settled elsewhere in Kent, particularly [[Sandwich, Kent|Sandwich]], [[Faversham, Kent|Faversham]] and [[Maidstone]]—towns in which there used to be refugee churches.

The [[French Protestant Church of London]] was established by [[Royal Charter]] in 1550. It is now located at [[Soho Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org |title=French Protestant Church of London |publisher=Egliseprotestantelondres.org |access-date=2 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517081120/http://www.egliseprotestantelondres.org/ |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref> Huguenot refugees flocked to [[Shoreditch]], London. They established a major [[weaving]] industry in and around [[Spitalfields]] (see [[Petticoat Lane]] and the [[Tenterground]]) in East London.<ref>[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=22743 ''Bethnal Green: Settlement and Building to 1836'', A History of the County of Middlesex: Vol. 11: Stepney, Bethnal Green (1998), pp. 91–95] Date accessed: 21 May 2008</ref> In [[Wandsworth]], their gardening skills benefited the [[Battersea]] market gardens. The flight of Huguenot refugees from [[Tours]], France drew off most of the workers of its great silk mills which they had built.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} Some of these immigrants moved to [[Norwich]], which had accommodated an earlier settlement of Walloon weavers. The French added to the existing immigrant population, then comprising about a third of the population of the city.
[[File:Rochester Huguenots' Portrait Fenhoulet Family 3590.jpg|thumb|Portrait of a Huguenot family in England]]
Some Huguenots settled in Bedfordshire, one of the main centres of the British lace industry at the time. Although 19th-century sources have asserted that some of these refugees were lacemakers and contributed to the East Midlands lace industry,<ref name="palliser">{{cite book|last=Palliser|first=Mrs. Bury|author-link=Fanny Bury Palliser|title=History of Lace|url=https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog|year=1865|publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/historylaceillu00pallgoog/page/n376 299]|quote=A nest of refugee lace-makers, 'who came out of France by reason of the late "troubles" yet continuing,' were congregated at Dover (1621–22). A list of about twenty-five 'widows being makers of Bone lace is given...'}}</ref><ref name="wright">{{cite book|last=Wright|first=Thomas|title=The Romance of the Lace Pillow|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122|year=1919|publisher=H.H. Armstrong|location=Olney, Bucks|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924014557122/page/n60 37]–38}}</ref> this is contentious.<ref>{{cite book|last=Seguin|first=Joseph|title=La dentelle: Histoire, description fabrication, bibliographie|url=https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu|year=1875|location=Paris|page=[https://archive.org/details/ladentellehistoi00segu/page/140 140]|publisher=J. Rothschild|editor=J. Rothschild|language=fr|quote=There is a tradition that the art of bobbin lace was brought to England by the Flemish emigrants who, fleeing from the tyranny of the Duke of Alba, went to settle in England. This tradition is entirely false for the lace industry did not exist in Flanders when the Duke of Alba went there.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Yallop|first=H.J.|title=The History of the Honiton Lace Industry|year=1992|publisher=University of Exeter Press|location=Exeter|isbn=0859893790|page=18}}</ref> The only reference to immigrant lace makers in this period is of twenty-five widows who settled in Dover,<ref name="palliser" /> and there is no contemporary documentation to support there being Huguenot lace makers in Bedfordshire. The implication that the style of lace known as 'Bucks Point' demonstrates a Huguenot influence, being a "combination of Mechlin patterns on Lille ground",<ref name="wright" /> is fallacious: what is now known as Mechlin lace did not develop until the first half of the eighteenth century and lace with Mechlin patterns and Lille ground did not appear until the end of the 18th century, when it was widely copied throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Levey|first=Santina|author-link=Santina M. Levey|title=Lace, A History|year=1983|publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum|location=London|isbn=090128615X|page=90|quote=Until the late 18th century, the lace made at Lille was indistinguishable from the other copies of Michelin and Valencienne, but, at that time, it appears to have adopted—along with a number of other centres—the simple twist-net ground of the plainer blonde and thread laces.}}</ref>

Many Huguenots from the [[Lorraine]] region also eventually settled in the area around [[Stourbridge]] in the modern-day [[West Midlands (county)|West Midlands]], where they found the raw materials and fuel to continue their glassmaking tradition. Anglicized names such as Tyzack, Henzey and Tittery are regularly found amongst the early glassmakers, and the region went on to become one of the most important glass regions in the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Jason|title=Glassmakers of Stourbridge and Dudley 1612–2002|year=2002|publisher=Jason Ellis|location=Harrogate|isbn=1-4010-6799-9}}</ref>

[[Winston Churchill]] was the most prominent Briton of Huguenot descent, deriving from the Huguenots who went to the colonies; his American grandfather was [[Leonard Jerome]].