Editing Hookah (section)

=== Short-term health effects ===
Carbon monoxide (CO) in hookah smoke binds to hemoglobin in the blood to form [[carboxyhemoglobin]], which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to organs including the brain. There are several case reports in the medical literature of hookah smokers needing treatment in hospital emergency rooms for symptoms of CO poisoning including [[headache]], [[nausea]], [[lethargy]], and [[fainting]].<ref name="Cavus10">{{cite journal |last1=Cavus |first1=UY |last2=Rehber |first2=ZH |last3=Ozeke |first3=O |last4=Ilkay |first4=E |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with narghile use |journal=Emergency Medicine Journal |date=2010 |volume=27 |issue=5 |page=406 |doi=10.1136/emj.2009.077214 |pmid=20442182 |s2cid=2332261 }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref><ref name="LaFauci12">{{cite journal |last1=La Fauci |first1=G |last2=Weiser |first2=G |last3=Steiner |first3=IP |last4=Shavit |first4=I |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning in narghile (water pipe) tobacco smokers |journal=Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine |date=2012 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=57–59 |pmid=22417961 |doi=10.2310/8000.2011.110431 |doi-access=free }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref><ref name="Lim09">{{cite journal |last1=Lim |first1=BL |last2=Lim |first2=GH |last3=Seow |first3=E |title=Case of carbon monoxide poisoning after smoking shisha |journal=International Journal of Emergency Medicine |date=2009 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=121–122 |doi=10.1007/s12245-009-0097-8|pmid=20157455 |pmc=2700232 }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015 --></ref><ref name="Turkmen11">{{cite journal |last1=Türkmen |first1=S |last2=Eryigit |first2=U |last3=Sahin |first3=A |last4=Yeniocak |first4=S |last5=Turedi |first5=S |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning associated with water pipe smoking |journal=Clinical Toxicology |date=2011 |volume=49 |issue=7 |pages=697–698 |doi=10.3109/15563650.2011.598160 |pmid=21819288|s2cid=43906064 }}</ref> This is sometimes called "hookah sickness".<ref name="Pearl15">{{cite news |last1=Pearl |first1=Mike |title=Is hookah sickness just carbon monoxide poisoning |url=http://influxnews.com/is-hookah-sickness-just-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/ |access-date=13 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615061103/http://influxnews.com/is-hookah-sickness-just-carbon-monoxide-poisoning/ |archive-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> Hookah smoking can damage the [[cardiovascular system]] in several ways.<ref name="WHO15" /><ref name="ElZaatari15" /> Its use elevates [[heart rate]] and [[blood pressure]].<ref name="Alomari14">{{cite journal |last1=Alomari |first1=MA |last2=Khabour |first2=OF |last3=Alzoubi |first3=KH |last4=Shqair |first4=DM |last5=Eissenberg |first5=T |title=Central and peripheral cardiovascular changes immediately after waterpipe smoking |date=2014 |volume=26 |issue=10 |pages=579–587 |doi=10.3109/08958378.2014.936572 |pmid=25144473 |journal=Inhal Toxicol |bibcode=2014InhTx..26..579A |s2cid=30687980 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Central_and_peripheral_cardiovascular_changes_immediately_after_waterpipe_smoking/1577598 |access-date=2 December 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326080125/https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Central_and_peripheral_cardiovascular_changes_immediately_after_waterpipe_smoking/1577598 |url-status=live }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015 --></ref> It also impairs [[baroreflex]] control (which helps to control blood pressure)<ref name="AlKubati06">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Kubati |first1=M |last2=Al-Kubati |first2=AS |last3=al'Absi |first3=M |last4=Fiser |first4=B. |title=The short-term effect of water-pipe smoking on the baroreflex control of heart rate in normotensives |journal=Autonomic Neuroscience |date=2006 |volume=126–127 |pages=146–9 |pmid=16716761 |doi=10.1016/j.autneu.2006.03.007|s2cid=31388586 }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015 --></ref> and cardiac autonomic functioning (which has many purposes, including control of heart rate)<ref name="WHO15" /><ref name="Cobb12">{{cite journal |last1=Cobb |first1=CO |last2=Sahmarani |first2=K |last3=Eissenberg |first3=T |last4=Shihadeh |first4=A |title=Acute toxicant exposure and cardiac autonomic dysfunction from smoking a single narghile waterpipe with tobacco and with a "healthy" tobacco-free alternative |journal=Toxicology Letters |date=2012 |volume=215 |issue=1 |pages=70–75 |doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.09.026 |pmid=23059956 |pmc=3641895}}<!--|access-date=2012--></ref><ref name="StHelen14">{{cite journal |last1=St Helen |first1=G |last2=Benowitz |first2=NL |last3=Dains |first3=KM |last4=Havel |first4=C |last5=Peng |first5=M |last6=Jacob |first6=P |title=Nicotine and carcinogen exposure after water pipe smoking in hookah bars |journal=Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev |date=2014 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1055–66 |doi=10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0939 |pmid=24836469 |pmc=4047652}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015--></ref> Hookah use also acutely harms vascular functioning,<ref name="Alomari14" /> increases [[inflammation]],<ref name="Hakim11">{{cite journal |last1=Hakim |first1=F |last2=Hellou |first2=E |last3=Goldbart |first3=A |last4=Katz |first4=R |last5=Bentur |first5=Y |last6=Bentur |first6=L |title=The acute effects of water-pipe smoking on the cardiorespiratory system |journal=Chest |date=April 2011 |volume=139 |issue=4 |pages=775–81 |pmid=21030492 |doi=10.1378/chest.10-1833}}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015 --></ref> and harms lung function and reduces the ability to exercise.<ref name="Hawari13">{{cite journal |last1=Hawari |first1=FI |last2=Obeidat |first2=NA |last3=Ayub |first3=H |last4=Ghonimat |first4=I |last5=Eissenberg |first5=T |last6=Dawahrah |first6=S |last7=Beano |first7=H |title=The acute effects of waterpipe smoking on lung function and exercise capacity in a pilot study of healthy participants |journal=Inhalation Toxicology |date=August 2013 |volume=25 |issue=9 |pages=492–7 |pmid=23905967 |doi=10.3109/08958378.2013.806613|bibcode=2013InhTx..25..492H |s2cid=22728685 }}<!--|access-date=13 June 2015 --></ref>