Editing History of South America (section)

==21st century==

===A turn to the left===

According to the BBC, a "common element of the 'pink tide' is a clean break with what was known at the outset of the 1990s as the '[[Washington consensus]]', the mixture of [[open market]]s and [[privatisation]] pushed by the United States".<ref name="bbc4"/> According to [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], a [[pink tide]] president herself, [[Hugo Chávez]] of Venezuela (inaugurated 1999), [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] of Brazil (inaugurated 2003) and [[Evo Morales]] of Bolivia (inaugurated 2006) were "the three musketeers" of the left in South America.<ref name=VICEtideTURN>{{cite news|last1=Noel|first1=Andrea|title=The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015 |url= https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-year-the-pink-tide-turned-latin-america-in-2015/|access-date=30 December 2015|work=[[Vice News|VICE News]]|date=29 December 2015|language=en-US}}</ref> By 2005, the [[BBC]] reported that out of 350 million people in South America, three out of four of them lived in countries ruled by "left-leaning [[President (government title)|presidents]]" elected during the preceding six years.<ref name="bbc4"/>

Despite the presence of a number of Latin American governments which profess to embrace a leftist ideology, it is difficult to categorize Latin American states "according to dominant political tendencies, like a [[Red states and blue states|red-blue post-electoral map of the United States]]."<ref name="ips">{{cite web|url=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3806 |title=Foreign Policy in Focus &#124; Latin America's Pink Tide? |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910093646/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3806 |archive-date=September 10, 2009 }} Institute for Policy Studies: Latin America's Pink Tide?</ref> According to the [[Institute for Policy Studies]], a [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[non-profit organization|non-profit]] [[think-tank]] based in Washington, D.C.: "a deeper analysis of elections in Ecuador, Venezuela, Nicaragua, and Mexico indicates that the "pink tide" interpretation—that a diluted trend leftward is sweeping the continent—may be insufficient to understand the complexity of what's really taking place in each country and the region as a whole".<ref name="ips"/>

While this political shift is difficult to quantify, its effects are widely noticed. According to the Institute for Policy Studies, 2006 meetings of the South American Summit of Nations and the Social Forum for the Integration of Peoples demonstrated that certain discussions that "used to take place on the margins of the dominant discourse of [[neoliberalism]], (have) now moved to the centre of [[Public sphere|public debate]]."<ref name="ips"/>

=== Pink tide ===
[[File:Banco del Sur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Rafael Correa]], [[Evo Morales]], [[Néstor Kirchner]], [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], [[Nicanor Duarte]], and [[Hugo Chávez]] at the signing of the founding charter of the [[Bank of the South]]]]

The term 'pink tide' ({{langx|es|link=no|marea rosa}}, {{langx|pt|onda rosa}}) or 'turn to the Left' (Sp.: ''vuelta hacia la izquierda'', Pt.: ''Guinada à Esquerda'') are phrases which are used in contemporary 21st century [[Political science|political analysis]] in the media and elsewhere to describe the perception that [[leftism|leftist]] ideology in general, and [[left-wing politics]] in particular, were increasingly becoming influential in Latin America.<ref name="bbc4">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4311957.stm|title=South America's leftward sweep|author=BBC News Americas |work=bbc.co.uk|date=2 March 2005}}</ref><ref name="pitts">{{Cite web|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516065906/http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_310062.html|archive-date=2016-05-16|title=Arquivo.pt|website=arquivo.pt|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref><ref name="boston">{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/01/14/the_many_stripes_of_anti_americanism/|title=The many stripes of anti-Americanism – The Boston Globe|work=boston.com}}</ref>

Since the 2000s or 1990s in some countries, left-wing political parties have risen to power. [[Hugo Chávez]] in Venezuela, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] and [[Dilma Rousseff]] in Brazil, [[Fernando Lugo]] in Paraguay, [[Néstor Kirchner|Néstor]] and [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]] in Argentina, [[Tabaré Vázquez]] and [[José Mujica]] in Uruguay, the [[Ricardo Lagos|Lagos]] and [[Michelle Bachelet|Bachelet]] governments in Chile, [[Evo Morales]] in Bolivia, and [[Rafael Correa]] of Ecuador are all part of this wave of left-wing politicians who also often declare themselves socialists, Latin Americanists or [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialists]].
[[File:Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09.jpg|thumb|right|upright|240px|[[Excellency|Her Excellency]] Dilma Rousseff, [[List of Presidents of Brazil|36th]] [[President of Brazil]]]]

;The list of leftist South American presidents is, by date of election, the following:
<!-- PLEASE LEAVE {{flagicons}} and {{flags}} AS THEY ARE. THEY WORK HERE -->
* 1998: {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Hugo Chávez]], Venezuela<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Unraveling of Representative Democracy in Venezuela|last1 = McCoy|first1 = Jennifer L|publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press|year = 2006|isbn =978-0-8018-8428-3|location = Baltimore, Maryland|page = 310|last2 = Myers|first2 = David J.|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rtJVhJZF6WgC}}</ref>
* 1999: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Ricardo Lagos]], Chile<ref>{{cite book |last1=Góngora |first1=Álvaro |last2=de la Taille |first2=Alexandrine|last3=Vial |first3=Gonzalo |author-link3=Gonzalo Vial Correa |title=Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo |language=es |publisher=Zig-Zag |pages=173–174 }}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite web|url=http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=761 |title=Watson Institute for International Studies |publisher=[[Brown University]] |year=2009 |access-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818205635/http://www.watsoninstitute.org/contacts_detail.cfm?id=761 |archive-date=August 18, 2009 }}</ref>
* 2002: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], Brazil<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12097490 |title=Lula leaves office as Brazil's 'most popular' president |publisher=BBC |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2009/09/21/the-most-popular-politician-on-earth.html |title=The Most Popular Politician on Earth |newspaper=Newsweek |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229032256/http://www.newsweek.com/2009/09/21/the-most-popular-politician-on-earth.html |archive-date=29 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/12891019 |title=Lula's last lap |newspaper=The Economist |date=8 January 2009 |access-date=4 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11414276|title=Lula's legacy for Brazil's next president| first=Elizabeth 'Liz' |last=Throssell |date=30 September 2010 |work=BBC News|access-date=29 March 2012}}</ref>
* 2002: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Lucio Gutiérrez]], Ecuador<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4453153.stm | work=[[BBC News]] | title=Ecuador lifts state of emergency | date=April 17, 2005 | access-date=May 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Perfil de Lucio Gutiérrez | work =hoy.com.ec | publisher =Explored | date =November 25, 2002 | language= es | url =http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/perfil-de-lucio-gutierrez-132043.html | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130803080035/http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/perfil-de-lucio-gutierrez-132043.html | archive-date =August 3, 2013 | access-date = September 19, 2013}}</ref>
* 2003: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Néstor Kirchner]], Argentina<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upsidedownworld.org/main/argentina-archives-32/964-elections-in-argentina-cristinas-low-income-voter-support-base |title=Elections in Argentina: Cristina's Low-Income Voter Support Base |publisher=Upsidedownworld.org |date=24 October 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=481319 |title=Latin American Program |publisher=Wilson Center |access-date=2016-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101103234/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/index.cfm?topic_id=1425&fuseaction=topics.event_summary&event_id=481319 |archive-date=2009-01-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Levitsky | first1=Steven | last2=Murillo | first2=María Victoria | title=Argentina: From Kirchner to Kirchner | journal=Journal of Democracy | volume=19 | issue=2 | date=2008 | issn=1086-3214 | doi=10.1353/jod.2008.0030 | pages=16–30 | url=http://www.columbia.edu/~mm2140/Publications%20in%20English_files/JOD08.pdf | access-date=October 30, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624155618/http://www.columbia.edu/~mm2140/Publications%20in%20English_files/JOD08.pdf | archive-date=June 24, 2010 }}</ref>
* 2004: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Tabaré Vázquez]], Uruguay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/social-democracy-lives-in-latin-america?barrier=true|title=Social democracy lives in Latin America|work=Project Syndicate|date=10 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief29.pdf|title=The Expansion of Non-Contributory Transfers in Uruguay in Recent Years|author=Verónica Amarante and Andrea Vigorito|publisher=[[International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth]]|date=August 2012|access-date=2016-03-22|archive-date=2016-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404010932/http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCPolicyResearchBrief29.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48320 |title=Uruguay: A Chance to Leave Poverty Behind |work=IPS News |date=3 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091107010927/http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=48320 |archive-date=November 7, 2009}}</ref>
* 2005: {{flagicon|BOL}} [[Evo Morales]], Bolivia{{sfnm|1a1=Harten|1y=2011|1p=35|2a1=Webber|2y=2011|2p=62}}{{efn|Morales is described as the first indigenous president of Bolivia in academic studies of his presidency, such as those of [[Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian|Muñoz-Pogossian]],{{sfn|Muñoz-Pogossian|2008|p=180}} Webber,{{sfn|Webber|2011|p=1}} Philip and Panizza,{{sfn|Philip|Panizza|2011|p=57}} and Farthing and Kohl,{{sfn|Farthing|Kohl|2014|p=1}} as well as in press reports, such as those of [[BBC News]].<ref name="BBC bio">{{cite news |title=Profile: Bolivia's President Evo Morales |date=13 October 2014 |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12166905}}</ref> However, there have been challenges to this claim by critics who have asserted that Morales probably has some European ancestry, and thus on genetic grounds is technically ''[[mestizo]]'' rather than solely indigenous.{{sfn|Harten|2011|p=7}} Harten asserted that this argument was "misguided[,] wrong[... and] above all irrelevant" because regardless of his genetic makeup, the majority of Bolivians perceive Morales as being the first indigenous president.{{sfn|Harten|2011|p=7}} In Bolivian society, indigeneity is a fluid concept rooted in cultural identity;{{sfn|Harten|2011|p=7}} for instance, many indigenous individuals that have settled in urban areas and abandoned their traditional rural customs have come to identify as ''mestizo''.{{sfn|Farthing|Kohl|2014|p=22}}{{sfnm|1a1=Sivak|1y=2010|1p=82–83|2a1=Harten|2y=2011|2pp=112–118|3a1=Farthing|3a2=Kohl|3y=2014|3p=11}} }}<ref name="Evo Morales">{{cite news |title=Evo Morales wins landslide victory in Bolivian presidential elections |last=Carroll |first=Rory |author-link=Rory Carroll |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/07/morales-presidential-victory |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=20 August 2011}}</ref>
* 2006: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Michelle Bachelet]], Chile<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/2013/12/16/bachelet-primera-mujer-presidenta-y-primer-presidente-reelecto-desde-1932.shtml|title=Michelle Bachelet: primera mujer presidenta y primer presidente reelecto desde 1932|work=www.facebook.com/RadioBioBio|date=16 December 2013|access-date=11 March 2016|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012821/http://biobiochile.cl/2013/12/16/bachelet-primera-mujer-presidenta-y-primer-presidente-reelecto-desde-1932.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="agnostic">{{cite news |url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2005/12/30/206367/bachelet-critica-a-la-derecha-por-descalificarla-por-ser-agnostica.html |title=Bachelet critica a la derecha por descalificarla por ser agnóstica |newspaper=El Mercurio |trans-title=Bachelet criticises the political right for discounting her because of her agnosticism |date=30 December 2005 |access-date=25 November 2014 |language=es |archive-date=25 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225151905/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2005/12/30/206367/bachelet-critica-a-la-derecha-por-descalificarla-por-ser-agnostica.html }}</ref>
* 2006: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Rafael Correa]], Ecuador<ref name="TRN2009Win">''[https://archive.today/20120715050859/http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=74&jumival=3622 "Avenger against oligarchy" wins in Ecuador]'' [[The Real News]], 27 April 2009.</ref><ref name="drug smuggling">{{cite news | last=Soto | first=Alonso | title=Ecuador's Correa admits father was drug smuggler | url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN1423713820070414 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114045440/http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKN1423713820070414 | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 14, 2011 | agency=Reuters UK| access-date=14 Apr 2007 | date=14 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="OpenDemocracy">{{cite web |author=Guy Hedgecoe |title=Rafael Correa: An Ecuadorian Journey |date=29 April 2009 |website=openDemocracy |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/rafael-correa-an-ecuadorian-journey |access-date=22 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054104/https://www.opendemocracy.net/article/rafael-correa-an-ecuadorian-journey |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geneall.net/H/per_page.php?id=633442 |title=Rafael Correa Icaza |publisher=GeneAll.net |date=23 March 1934 |access-date=4 December 2011}}</ref>
* 2007: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], Argentina<ref name="CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit">{{cite news|title=CFK back at Olivos presidential residency after CELAC summit |url=http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/150849/cfk-back-at-olivos-presidential-residency-after-celac-summit |newspaper=[[Buenos Aires Herald]] |date=29 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202104503/http://www.buenosairesherald.com/article/150849/cfk-back-at-olivos-presidential-residency-after-celac-summit |archive-date=2 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions">{{cite news|title= CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions|work=MercoPress|date=28 September 2012|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2012/09/28/cfk-to-harvard-students-there-is-no-dollar-clamp-don-t-repeat-monochord-questions}}</ref>{{efn|She is variously known as Cristina Fernández,<ref name="CFK to Harvard students: there is no 'dollar clamp'; don't repeat monochord questions" /><ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner">{{cite news|title=Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner|work=BBC News|date=8 October 2013|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12284208}}</ref> Cristina K, or Cristina.<ref name="Profile: Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner"/><ref name="Aerolineas takeover shadows Cristina K visit to Spain">{{cite news|title= Aerolineas takeover shadows Cristina K visit to Spain|work= MercoPress|date= 9 February 2009|url= http://en.mercopress.com/2009/02/09/aerolineas-takeover-shadows-cristina-k-visit-to-spain|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140628214529/http://en.mercopress.com/2009/02/09/aerolineas-takeover-shadows-cristina-k-visit-to-spain|archive-date= 28 June 2014 }}</ref>|group="note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Latin America's crony capitalism. (Alvaro Vargas Llosa)(Interview)|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-137406528|publisher=Reason |via=|url-access=|date=28 January 2013}}{{dead link|date=July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cronyism and Corruption are Killing Economic Freedom in Argentina|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-224552730.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514122803/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-224552730.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|work=[[The Heritage Foundation|Heritage Foundation]]|publisher=[[HighBeam Research]]|date=22 April 2010|first=James M.|last=Roberts|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390443404004577577013392087338|title=Pierpaolo Barbieri: A Lesson in Crony Capitalism|work=WSJ|first=Pierpaolo|last=Barbieri|date=8 August 2012|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Don't lie to me, Argentina">{{cite news|title=Don't lie to me, Argentina|newspaper=The Economist|date=25 February 2012|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548242|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307233906/http://www.economist.com/node/21548242|archive-date=7 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="The price of cooking the books">{{cite news|title=The price of cooking the books|newspaper=The Economist|date=25 February 2012|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21548229|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214015122/http://www.economist.com/node/21548229|archive-date=14 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Knock, knock">{{cite news|title=Knock, knock|newspaper=The Economist|date=21 June 2012|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21559384|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305232553/http://www.economist.com/node/21559384|archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref><ref name="fpt-ataca-macri">{{cite news |url=http://www.clarin.com/capital_federal/subte-traspaso-Buenos_Aires-Gobierno_Nacional-spot_publicitario_0_753524919.html?commentsPage=4|title=El Gobierno usó a Fútbol para Todos para atacar a Macri |date=August 11, 2012|work=Clarín}}</ref><ref name="lanacion-subte-macri">{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1498512-el-gobierno-difundio-un-comercial-sobre-el-subte-en-el-futbol-para-todos|title=El Gobierno difundió un aviso polémico aviso sobre el subte|date=August 11, 2012|work=La Nación|access-date=March 22, 2016|archive-date=January 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110175455/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1498512-el-gobierno-difundio-un-comercial-sobre-el-subte-en-el-futbol-para-todos|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2008: {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Fernando Lugo]], Paraguay<ref name="csmonitor1">{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0624/Does-Paraguay-risk-pariah-status-with-president-s-ouster|title=Does Paraguay risk pariah status with president's ouster?|first=Peter|last=Orsi|agency=Associated Press|date=2012-06-24}}</ref><ref name="frenteguasu1">{{cite web|url=http://frenteguasu.org.py/el-fg-no-defraudara-la-confianza-del-pueblo-afirma-lugo |title=Frente Guasu |work=frenteguasu.org.py |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503223008/http://frenteguasu.org.py/el-fg-no-defraudara-la-confianza-del-pueblo-afirma-lugo |archive-date=May 3, 2013}}</ref>
* 2010: {{flagicon|URU}} [[José Mujica]], Uruguay<ref name=vlad>{{cite news |last = Hernandez |first = Vladimir |title = Jose Mujica: The World's 'Poorest' President |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-20243493 |newspaper = BBC News Magazine |date = 14 November 2012 }}</ref><ref>Jonathan Watts (13 December 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/13/uruguay-president-jose-mujica?CMP=fb_gu Uruguay's president José Mujica: no palace, no motorcade, no frills]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 15 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://diariolarepublica.net/de-paseo-por-muxika/ Mujica paseará por Muxika, la tierra de sus antepasados] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328124648/http://diariolarepublica.net/de-paseo-por-muxika/ |date=2016-03-28 }}, Diario La República</ref><ref>[http://diariolarepublica.net/mujica-recibio-las-llaves-de-la-ciudad-de-muxika/ Mujica recibió las llaves de la ciudad de Muxika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328013510/http://diariolarepublica.net/mujica-recibio-las-llaves-de-la-ciudad-de-muxika/ |date=2016-03-28 }}, Diario La República</ref>
* 2010: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dilma Rousseff]], Brazil<ref name="EFE">EFE. [http://noticias.bol.uol.com.br/internacional/2010/10/31/dilma-1-mulher-presidente-e-unica-economista-em-121-anos-de-republica.jhtm "Dilma, 1ª mulher presidente e única economista em 121 anos de República"]. BOL. 31 October 2010.</ref><ref name="AgBr">Bennett, Allen [http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/thenewsinenglish;jsessionid=6FAF164D075F0F93B2F71B6909FCC5F4?p_p_id=56&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_56_groupId=19523&_56_articleId=1016406 "Dilma Rousseff biography"] {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[Agência Brasil]], 9 August 2010</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|author=Daniel Schwartz|date=31 October 2010|title=Dilma Rousseff|work=CBC News [[CBC.ca]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/dilma-rousseff-1.876366|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref>
* 2011: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Ollanta Humala]], Peru<ref name=":1">''[[The Guardian]]'', April 11, 2011, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/11/peru-elections-fujimori-hamala-runoff Peru elections: Fujimori and Humala set for runoff vote]</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite news|last1=Leahy|first1=Joe|title=Peru president rejects link to Petrobras scandal|publisher=FT.com|agency=Financial Times|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/87349398-da88-11e5-9ba8-3abc1e7247e4.html#axzz42VcVN2wQ|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211257/https://www.ft.com/content/87349398-da88-11e5-9ba8-3abc1e7247e4#axzz42VcVN2wQ|archive-date=2022-12-10|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|last1=Post|first1=Colin|title=Peru: Ollanta Humala implicated in Brazil's Carwash scandal|url=http://perureports.com/2016/02/23/peru-ollanta-humala-implicated-in-brazils-carwash-scandal/|access-date=23 February 2016|website=www.perureports.com|date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="hoy">''[[Hoy (Peruvian newspaper)|Diario Hoy]]'', October 31, 2000, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130817191443/http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/peru-coronelazo-no-cuaja-50268-50268.html PERU, CORONELAZO NO CUAJA]</ref><ref name=":4">{{in lang|es}} BBC, January 4, 2005, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_4144000/4144497.stm Perú: insurgentes se rinden]</ref>
* 2013: {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Nicolás Maduro]], Venezuela<ref name="sworn">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-22220526 "Nicolas Maduro sworn in as new Venezuelan president"]. BBC News. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013</ref><ref name="elmundo2012">{{cite news|date=27 December 2012|title=Perfil &#124; ¿Quién es Nicolás Maduro?|language=es|newspaper=El Mundo|url=http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/perfil---nicolas-maduro-cruzo-la-calle.aspx|access-date=9 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002135115/http://www.elmundo.com.ve/noticias/actualidad/politica/perfil---nicolas-maduro-cruzo-la-calle.aspx|archive-date=2 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="aljazeera">{{cite web|date=March 2013|title=Profile: Nicolas Maduro – Americas|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2013/03/2013397107588721.html|access-date=9 March 2013|publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="GUARD2013">{{cite news|last1=Lopez|first1=Virginia|last2=Watts|first2=Jonathan|date=15 April 2013|title=Who is Nicolás Maduro? Profile of Venezuela's new president|agency=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/15/nicolas-maduro-profile-venezuela-president|access-date=27 March 2015}}</ref>
* 2014: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Michelle Bachelet]], Chile <ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-president Michelle Bachelet wins Chile poll run-off |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-25387340 |work=BBC News |date=15 December 2013}}</ref>
* 2015: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Tabaré Vázquez]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Tabare Vazquez wins Uruguay's run-off election |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-30268862 |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2014}}</ref>
* 2017: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Lenín Moreno]], Ecuador<ref name=":5">{{cite web|author=Santiago Piedra Silva|date=2017-05-24|title=New leftist Ecuador president takes office|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/leftist-ecuador-president-takes-office-160731947.html|access-date=2017-07-16|publisher=Yahoo.com}}</ref>
* 2019: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Fernández]], Argentina
* 2020: {{flagicon|BOL}} [[Luis Arce]], Bolivia
* 2021: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Pedro Castillo]], Peru<ref name="DW.COM">{{cite news |title=Peru: Pedro Castillo sworn in as president |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-pedro-castillo-sworn-in-as-president/a-58672989 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=28 July 2021}}</ref>
* 2022: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Gabriel Boric|Gabriel Boric Font]], Chile <ref name="the Guardian">{{cite news |title=Gabriel Boric, 36, sworn in as president to herald new era for Chile |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/11/gabriel-boric-chile-president-new-era |work=the Guardian |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022: {{flagicon|COL}} [[Gustavo Petro]], Colombia <ref name="www.aljazeera.com">{{cite news |title=Ex-rebel takes oath as Colombia's first left-wing president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/8/8/gustavo-petro-ex-rebel-fighter-sworn-in-as-colombias-president |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], Brazil <ref>{{cite news |title=Lula sworn in as Brazil president as predecessor Bolsonaro flies to US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64138739 |work=BBC News |date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2025: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Yamandu Orsi]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Uruguay's new leftist president takes office |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uruguay-s-new-leftist-president-takes-office/7994077.html |work=Voice of America |date=2 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{clear}}

===Politics===
{{update section|date=January 2021}}
During the first decade of the 21st century, South American governments move to the political left, with leftist leaders being elected in Chile, Uruguay, Brazil, Argentina, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Most South American countries are making an increasing use of protectionist policies, undermining a greater global integration but helping local development.

In 2008, the [[Union of South American Nations]] (USAN) was founded, which aimed to merge the two existing customs unions, [[Mercosur]] and the [[Andean Community]], thus forming the third-largest trade bloc in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/nations/sovereign/integrate/2008/1029newconsensus.htm |title=Globalpolicy.org |publisher=Globalpolicy.org |date=2008-10-29 |access-date=2010-10-24 }}</ref> The organization is planning for political integration in the [[European Union]] style, seeking to establish free movement of people, economic development, a common defense policy and the elimination of [[tariff]]s.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} According to [[Noam Chomsky]], USAN represents that "for the first time since the European conquest, Latin America began to move towards integration".<ref>{{in lang|pt}} Giovana Sanchez. [http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Mundo/0,,MUL1322738-5602,00-NOAM+CHOMSKY+CRITICA+OS+EUA+E+ELOGIA+O+PAPEL+DO+BRASIL+NA+CRISE+DE+HONDURAS.html "Noam Chomsky critica os EUA e elogia o papel do Brasil na crise de Honduras"]. G1. September 30, 2009,</ref><ref>The phrase has been used in the past for this same purpose. It has never been officially proposed or used. Collazo, Ariel B. ''La Federación de Estados: Única solución para el drama de América Latina.'' n/d, circa 1950–1960. {{OCLC| 25422930}}</ref><ref>[[Eduardo Duhalde|Duhalde, Eduardo]] (13 July 2004). [https://archive.today/20121230074732/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=618111 "Hacia los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica."] ''La Nación''.</ref><ref>Grorjovsky, Nestor (14 July 2004). [http://lists.econ.utah.edu/pipermail/reconquista-popular/2004-July/017886.html "Duhalde señaló que el Mercosur es un paso para la Unión Sudamericana"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205161947/http://lists.econ.utah.edu/pipermail/reconquista-popular/2004-July/017886.html |date=2012-02-05 }} Reconquista-Popular.</ref><ref>Collazo, Ariel (15 July 2004). [http://www.larepublica.com.uy/editorial/147648-los-estados-unidos-de-sudamerica "Los Estados Unidos de Sudamérica"] ''La República''.</ref><ref>[http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/actividades/?contenido=8747 29 July 2004,interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405120124/http://fox.presidencia.gob.mx/actividades/?contenido=8747 |date=5 April 2016 }} with Mexican President [[Vicente Fox]] by [[Andrés Oppenheimer]]. Mexico:Presidencia de la República</ref><ref>[http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/herejiasysilencios.php/2005/11/22/estados_unidos_de_sudamerica "Estados Unidos de Sudamérica"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103190457/http://blogs.periodistadigital.com/herejiasysilencios.php/2005/11/22/estados_unidos_de_sudamerica |date=2015-01-03 }} Herejías y silencios. (22 November 2005).</ref><ref>Duhalde, Eduardo (6 December 2004). [http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/12/06/opinion/o-02301.htm "Sudamérica y un viejo sueño."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013151155/http://www.clarin.com/diario/2004/12/06/opinion/o-02301.htm |date=2008-10-13 }} ''Clarín''</ref>

{{South America government from 1990}}

=== Most recent heads of state in South America ===
* 2010: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dilma Rousseff]], Brazil<ref name="EFE" /><ref name="AgBr" /><ref name=":0" />
* 2010: {{flagicon|URU}} [[José Mujica]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Ex-rebel inaugurated in Uruguay |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8544503.stm |date=1 March 2010}}</ref>
* 2010: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Sebastián Piñera]], Chile <ref>{{cite news |title=Billionaire sworn in as Chilean president - CNN.com |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/11/chile.pinera/index.html |work=www.cnn.com |date=11 March 2010 |language=en |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215230721/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/11/chile.pinera/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2010: {{flagicon|COL}} [[Juan Manuel Santos]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New Colombian president sworn in |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-10904788 |work=BBC News |date=8 August 2010}}</ref>
* 2011: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Ollanta Humala]], Peru<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name="hoy" /><ref name=":4" />
* 2013: {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Nicolás Maduro]], Venezuela<ref name="sworn" /><ref name="elmundo2012" /><ref name="aljazeera" /><ref name="GUARD2013" />
* 2013: {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Horacio Cartes|Horacio Cartés]], Paraguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Ecuador did not attend the assumption of the President of Paraguay |url=https://www.ecuadortimes.net/ecuador-did-not-attend-the-assumption-of-the-president-of-paraguay/ |work=Ecuador Times |date=15 August 2013}}</ref>
* 2014: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Michelle Bachelet]], Chile <ref>{{cite news |title=Michelle Bachelet sworn in as Chile's president |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-26528923 |work=BBC News |date=11 March 2014}}</ref>
* 2015: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Mauricio Macri]], Argentina <ref>{{cite news |title=Argentine President Mauricio Macri sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20151210-macri-argentina-president-inaugurattion-assumes-power-promises-change |work=France 24 |date=10 December 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2015: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Tabaré Vázquez]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Vazquez sworn in as Uruguay's president |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20150302-uruguay-vazquez-sworn-president-mujica-leaves-office-marijuana-abortion |work=France 24 |date=2 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2015: {{flagicon|GUY}} [[David A. Granger|David Granger]], Guyana <ref>{{cite news |title=Granger sworn in as President |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2015/05/16/news/guyana/granger-sworn-in-as-president/ |work=Stabroek News |date=16 May 2015}}</ref>
* 2016: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Michel Temer]], Brazil <ref>{{cite news |title=Temer officially sworn in as Brazilian president |url=https://www.euronews.com/2016/08/31/temer-officially-sworn-in-as-brazilian-president |work=euronews |date=31 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2016: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Pedro Pablo Kuczynski|Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard]], Peru
* 2017: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Lenín Moreno]], Ecuador<ref name=":5" />
* 2018: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Sebastián Piñera]], Chile <ref>{{cite news |title=Sebastian Piñera sworn in as Chile's president |url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/sebastian-pinera-sworn-in-as-chile-s-president/50000262-3549580 |work=www.efe.com |date=11 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018: {{flagicon|COL}} [[Iván Duque Márquez]], Colombia <ref>{{cite news |title=Iván Duque: Colombia's new president sworn into office |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45107063 |work=BBC News |date=8 August 2018}}</ref>
* 2018: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Martín Vizcarra]], Peru <ref>{{cite news |title=Martin Vizcarra sworn in as Peru's president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/3/23/martin-vizcarra-sworn-in-as-perus-president |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2018: {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Mario Abdo Benítez|Mario Abdo]], Paraguay <ref>{{cite news |title=New Paraguayan President Abdo Benítez sworn in |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45200965 |work=BBC News |date=15 August 2018}}</ref>
* 2019: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Jair Bolsonaro]], Brazil <ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro sworn in as new president |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/brazils-jair-bolsonaro-sworn-in-as-new-president/ |work=www.timesofisrael.com |date=1 January 2019}}</ref>
* 2019: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Alberto Fernández]], Argentina <ref>{{cite news |agency=Reuters |title='We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration |work=the Guardian |date=10 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Luis Lacalle Pou|Luis Lacalle]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Uruguay's new center-right president sworn in |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200301-uruguay-s-new-center-right-president-sworn-in |work=France 24 |date=1 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|BOL}} [[Luis Arce]], Bolivia <ref>{{cite news |title=Luis Arce sworn in as Bolivia's president |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/luis-arce-sworn-in-as-bolivia-s-president/2036718 |work=www.aa.com.tr |date=9 November 2020}}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Manuel Merino|Manuel Merino de Lama]], Peru <ref>{{Cite news |last=Collyns |first=Dan |date=2020-11-10 |title=Peru's new president accused of coup after ousting of predecessor |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/10/peru-coup-accusations-head-of-congress-made-president-predecessor-ousted |access-date=2023-12-29 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|SUR}} [[Chan Santokhi|Chandrikapersad "Chan" Santokhi]], Suriname <ref>{{cite news |title=Chan Santokhi sworn is as new president of Suriname |url=https://caricom.org/suriname-chan-santokhi-sworn-is-as-new-president-of-suriname/ |work=CARICOM |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215224656/https://caricom.org/suriname-chan-santokhi-sworn-is-as-new-president-of-suriname/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|GUY}} [[Irfaan Ali]], Guyana <ref>{{cite news |title=Guyana swears in Irfaan Ali as president after long stand-off |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-53637085 |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2020}}</ref>
* 2020: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Francisco Sagasti]], Peru <ref>{{cite news |title=Peru's new president Sagasti sworn in – DW – 11/17/2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/peru-swears-in-third-president-in-a-week-amid-political-upheaval/a-55641457 |work=dw.com |language=en}}</ref>
* 2021: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Guillermo Lasso]], Ecuador<ref>{{cite news |title=Conservative Guillermo Lasso sworn in as Ecuador's new president |url=https://www.riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/mercosur/ecuador/conservative-guillermo-lasso-sworn-in-as-ecuadors-new-president/ |newspaper=The Río Times |date=24 May 2021}}</ref>
* 2021: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Pedro Castillo]], Peru<ref name="DW.COM"/>
* 2022: {{flagicon|CHI}} [[Gabriel Boric|Gabriel Boric Font]], Chile <ref name="the Guardian"/>
* 2022: {{flagicon|COL}} [[Gustavo Petro]], Colombia <ref name="www.aljazeera.com"/>
* 2022: {{flagicon|PER}} [[Dina Boluarte]], Peru <ref>{{cite news |title=Peru's President Pedro Castillo replaced by Dina Boluarte after impeachment |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63895505 |work=BBC News |date=7 December 2022}}</ref>
* 2023: {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]], Brazil <ref>{{cite news |title=Lula sworn in as Brazil president as predecessor Bolsonaro flies to US |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-64138739 |work=BBC News |date=1 January 2023}}</ref>
* 2023: {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Santiago Peña]], Paraguay <ref>{{cite news |last1=Desantis |first1=Daniela |last2=Elliott |first2=Lucinda |last3=Elliott |first3=Lucinda |title=Paraguay's President Pena sworn in, Taiwan VP in attendance |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/new-paraguayan-president-santiago-pena-sworn-2023-08-15/ |work=Reuters |date=16 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Daniel Noboa]], Ecuador<ref>{{cite news |title=Business heir Daniel Noboa sworn in as Ecuador president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/23/millionaire-daniel-noboa-sworn-in-as-ecuador-president |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
* 2023: {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Javier Milei]], Argentina <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=In inaugural speech, Argentina's Javier Milei prepares nation for painful shock adjustment |url=https://apnews.com/article/argentina-milei-inauguration-president-46b73d6a705e1c4652303022a37dbbb0 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>
* 2025: {{flagicon|URU}} [[Yamandu Orsi]], Uruguay <ref>{{cite news |title=Uruguay's new leftist president takes office |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/uruguay-s-new-leftist-president-takes-office/7994077.html |work=Voice of America |date=2 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>