Editing History of Israel (section)

===Old Yishuv===
{{Main|Old Yishuv}}
With the more favorable conditions that followed the Ottoman conquest, the immigration of Jews fleeing Catholic Europe, which had already begun under Mamluk rule, continued, and soon an influx of exiled [[Sephardic Jews]] came to dominate the Jewish community in the area.<ref name="Abraham-1999" />

In 1558, [[Selim II]] (1566–1574), successor to Suleiman, whose wife [[Nurbanu Sultan]] was Jewish,<ref>Mehmet Tezcan, Astiye Bayindir, 'Aristocratic Women and their Relationship to Nestorianism in the 13th century Chingizid Empire,' in Li Tang, Dietmar W. Winkler (eds.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA308 ''From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105015332/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA308 |date=5 January 2020}} LIT Verlag Münster, 2013 {{isbn|978-3-643-90329-7}}, pp.297–315 p.308 n.31</ref> gave control of Tiberias to Doña [[Gracia Mendes Nasi]], one of the richest women in Europe and an escapee from the [[Inquisition]]. She encouraged Jewish refugees to settle in the area and established a Hebrew printing press. Safed became a centre for study of the [[Kabbalah]]. Doña Nasi's nephew, [[Joseph Nasi]], was made governor of Tiberias and he encouraged Jewish settlement from Italy.<ref>The Ghetto of Venice by Riccardo Calimani, pg 94, Mondadori 1995</ref>

In 1660, a [[Druze power struggle (1658–1667)#Lebanon and Galilee campaign|Druze power struggle]] led to the destruction of [[1660 destruction of Safed|Safed]] and [[1660 destruction of Tiberias|Tiberias]].<ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149">Barnay, Y. The Jews in [[Ottoman Syria]] in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0572-7}} p. 149</ref><ref name="Joel Rappel 1980 p.531">Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...."</ref> In the late 18th century a local Arab ''[[sheikh]]'' [[Zahir al-Umar]] created a ''de facto'' independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baram|first=Uzi|title=The Development of Historical Archaeology in Israel: An Overview and Prospects|journal=Historical Archaeology|year=2002|volume=36|number=4|pages=12–29|publisher=Springer|doi=10.1007/BF03374366|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290276708|jstor=25617021|s2cid=162155126 }}</ref>

In 1799, [[Napoleon]] briefly [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|occupied]] the country and [[Napoleon and the Jews#Bonaparte's proclamation to the Jews of Africa and Asia|planned a proclamation]] inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his [[Siege of Acre (1799)|defeat at Acre]].<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, chapter 9</ref> In 1831, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], an Ottoman ruler who left the Empire and tried to modernize Egypt, [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|conquered]] Ottoman Syria and imposed conscription, leading to the [[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt]].<ref>{{Citation |first=Khaled M. |last=Safi |editor=Roger Heacock |title=Of Times and Spaces in Palestine: The Flows and Resistances of Identity |chapter=Territorial Awareness in the 1834 Palestinian Revolt |chapter-url=http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/483 |publisher=Presses de l'Ifpo |location=Beirut |year=2008 |isbn=9782351592656 |access-date=26 April 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208100645/http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/483 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Kerem Avraham, Jewish workers.jpg|thumb|Jewish workers in [[Kerem Avraham]] neighbourhood of Jerusalem (c. 1850s)]]
In 1838, there was another [[1838 Druze revolt|Druze revolt]]. In 1839 [[Moses Montefiore]] met with Muhammed Pasha in Egypt and signed an agreement to establish 100–200 Jewish villages in the [[Damascus Eyalet]] of [[Ottoman Syria]],<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, page 194-5</ref> but in 1840 the Egyptians withdrew before the deal was implemented, returning the area to Ottoman governorship. In 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group in Jerusalem. By 1896 Jews constituted an absolute majority in Jerusalem,<ref>Shlomo Slonim, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AnJIfuDAtp4C&pg=PA13 ''Jerusalem in America's Foreign Policy, 1947–1997,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928125827/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnJIfuDAtp4C&pg=PA13%2F |date=28 September 2020 }} [[Martinus Nijhoff Publishers]] 1999 {{isbn|978-9-041-11255-2}} p.13</ref> but the overall population in Palestine was 88% Muslim and 9% Christian.<ref>[[Gudrun Krämer]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA137 ''A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel ,''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108144336/https://books.google.com/books?id=tWrW_CKODdQC&pg=PA137 |date=8 January 2020 }} [[Princeton University Press]] 2011 {{isbn|978-0-691-15007-9}} p.137</ref>