Editing History of Finland (section)

====Russification====

{{Main|Russification of Finland}}
[[File:Mielenosoitus Helmikuun manifestia vastaan Senaatintorilla 13.3.1899.jpg|thumb|People gathered in the [[Senate Square, Helsinki|Senate Square]] for a demonstration against the [[February Manifesto]] in March 1899.]]
The policy of Russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–1917, called {{Lang|fi|sortokaudet}}''/''{{Lang|fi|sortovuodet}} ('times/years of oppression') in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]) was the policy of the Russian czars designed to limit the special status of the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] and fully integrate it politically, militarily, and culturally into the empire.<ref>Edward C. Thaden, ''Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland'' (1981)</ref> Finns were strongly opposed and fought back by passive resistance and a strengthening of Finnish cultural identity.<ref>Steven Huxley, ''Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition'' (1990)</ref> Key provisions were, first, the [[February Manifesto]] of 1899 which asserted the imperial government's right to rule Finland without the consent of local legislative bodies; second, the Language Manifesto of 1900 which made Russian the language of administration of Finland; and third, the conscription law of 1901 which incorporated the [[Military of the Grand Duchy of Finland|Finnish army]] into the imperial army and sent conscripts away to Russian training camps.<ref>Tuomo Polvinen, ''Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904'' (1995)</ref>