Editing History of Egypt (section)

==== Morsi's presidency ====
{{Main|Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under Mohamed Morsi}}

[[Egyptian presidential election, 2012|The first round of a presidential election was held in Egypt on 23 and 24 May 2012]]. [[Mohamed Morsi]] won 25% of the vote and [[Ahmed Shafik]], the last prime minister under deposed leader Hosni Mubarak, 24%. A second round was held on 16 and 17 June. On 24 June 2012, the election commission announced that Mohamed Morsi had won the election, making him the first democratically elected president of Egypt. According to official results, Morsi took 51.7 percent of the vote while Shafik received 48.3 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weaver |first1=Matthew |title=Muslim Brotherhood's Mohammed Morsi wins Egypt's presidential race |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/middle-east-live/2012/jun/24/egypt-election-results-live |work=the Guardian |date=24 June 2012 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 June 2012, Mohamed Morsi was sworn in as Egypt's new president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohamed Morsi sworn in as Egypt's president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2012/7/1/mohamed-morsi-sworn-in-as-egypts-president |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 8 July 2012, Egypt's new president [[Mohamed Morsi]] announced he was overriding the military [[edict]] that dissolved the country's elected parliament and called lawmakers back into session.<ref name="Fahmy">{{cite news|last=Fahmy|first=Mohamed|title=Egypt's president calls back dissolved parliament|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/08/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=8 July 2012|date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

On 10 July 2012, the [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt]] negated the decision by Morsi to call the nation's parliament back into session.<ref>{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Ivan|title=Court overrules Egypt's president on parliament|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/10/world/meast/egypt-politics/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=10 July 2012|date=10 July 2012}}</ref> On 2 August 2012, Egypt's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35-member cabinet, including 28 newcomers, of whom four came from the influential [[Muslim Brotherhood]] while six and the former interim military ruler [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] as the Defence Minister came from the previous Government.<ref>{{cite news|title=Egypt unveils new cabinet, Tantawi keeps defence post |date=3 August 2012}}</ref>

On 22 November 2012, Morsi issued a declaration immunizing his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly drafting the new constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-20451208 |title=Egypt's President Mursi assumes sweeping powers |work=BBC News |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref> The declaration also requires a retrial of those accused in the Mubarak-era killings of protesters, who had been acquitted, and extends the mandate of the constituent assembly by two months. Additionally, the declaration authorizes Morsi to take any measures necessary to protect the revolution. Liberal and secular groups previously walked out of the constitutional constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices, while [[Muslim Brotherhood]] backers threw their support behind Morsi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/M/ML_EGYPT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2012-11-22-11-27-48 |title=Rallies for, against Egypt president's new powers |agency=Associated Press |date=23 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012}}</ref>

The move was criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], the leader of Egypt's Constitution Party, who stated "Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh" on his Twitter feed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's President Morsi takes sweeping new powers |date=22 November 2012 |access-date=23 November 2012 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/egypts-president-morsi-takes-sweeping-new-powers/2012/11/22/8d87d716-34cb-11e2-92f0-496af208bf23_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Michael |last=Birnbaum}}</ref> The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt.<ref name="violencebreaks">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9699801/Violence-breaks-out-across-Egypt-as-protesters-decry-Mohammed-Morsis-constitutional-coup.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|first=Richard|last=Spencer|date=23 November 2012|access-date=23 November 2012|title=Violence breaks out across Egypt as protesters decry Mohammed Morsi's constitutional 'coup'|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On 5 December 2012, Tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of Egypt's president clashed, hurling rocks and Molotov cocktails and brawling in Cairo's streets, in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country's revolution.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324640104578160902530961768 |title = Egypt Sees Largest Clash Since Revolution |newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=6 December 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012}}</ref> Six senior advisors and three other officials resigned from the government and the country's leading Islamic institution called on Morsi to stem his powers. Protesters also clamored from coastal cities to desert towns.<ref name="LaTimes">{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-egypt-morsi-20121207,0,2119116.story|title=Morsi refuses to cancel Egypt's vote on constitution|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=6 December 2012 |access-date=8 December 2012|first=Jeffrey|last=Fleishman}}</ref>

Morsi offered a "national dialogue" with opposition leaders but refused to cancel a 15 December vote on a draft constitution written by an Islamist-dominated assembly that has ignited two weeks of political unrest.<ref name="LaTimes" />

[[Egyptian constitutional referendum, 2012|A constitutional referendum]] was held in two rounds on 15 and 22 December 2012, with 64% support, and 33% against.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egyptian voters back new constitution in referendum |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-20842487 |work=BBC News |date=25 December 2012}}</ref> It was signed into law by a presidential decree issued by Morsi on 26 December 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohamed Morsi signs Egypt's new constitution into law |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/26/mohamed-morsi-egypt-constitution-law |work=the Guardian |date=26 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the [[Egyptian Army|Egyptian army]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt army commander suspends constitution |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-protests-suspension-idUSBRE96215020130703 |work=Reuters |date=3 July 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 June 2013, on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, millions of protesters across Egypt took to the streets and demanded the immediate resignation of the president. On 1 July, the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]] issued a 48-hour ultimatum that gave the country's political parties until 3 July to meet the demands of the Egyptian people. The presidency rejected the Egyptian Army's 48-hour ultimatum, vowing that the president would pursue his own plans for national reconciliation to resolve the political crisis. On 3 July, General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], head of the Egyptian Armed Forces, announced that he had removed Morsi from power, suspended the constitution and would be calling new presidential and Shura Council elections and named [[Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt|Supreme Constitutional Court]]'s leader, [[Adly Mansour]] as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |title=Egypt's Morsi overthrown |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/7/4/president-morsi-overthrown-in-egypt |work=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Mansour was sworn in on 4 July 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holpuch |first1=Amanda |last2=Siddique |first2=Haroon |last3=Weaver |first3=Matthew |title=Egypt's interim president sworn in - Thursday 4 July |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/04/egypt-revolution-new-president-live-updates |work=The Guardian |date=4 July 2013}}</ref>