Editing High-performance liquid chromatography (section)

=== Medical and health sciences ===
Medical use of HPLC typically use mass spectrometer (MS) as the detector, so the technique is called LC-MS<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gu |first1=Jatin |last2=Patel |first2=Kumar |last3=Shah |first3=Dhiren |date=2016 |title=APPLICATION OF LC-MS |url=https://www.pharmatutor.org/articles/application-liquid-chromatography-mass-spectrometry |website=PharmaTutor |language=en}}</ref> or LC-MS/MS for tandem MS, where two types of MS are operated sequentially.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tallam |first1=Anil Kumar |last2=Alapati |first2=Sahithi |last3=Nuli |first3=Mohana Vamsi |date=2023 |title=A review on bioanalytical method development and validation of anticancer drugs by using lc/ms/ms and its applications on routine analysis |url=https://www.jisciences.com/index.php/journal/article/view/51 |journal=Journal of Integral Sciences |language=en |pages=4–19 |doi=10.37022/jis.v6i1.51 |s2cid=257295079 |issn=2581-5679|doi-access=free }}</ref> When the HPLC instrument is connected to more than one detector, it is called a hyphenated LC system.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} Pharmaceutical applications<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Driscoll |first=Aimee |date=2021 |title=HPLC in Pharmaceutical Applications |url=https://www.labmanager.com/hplc-in-pharmaceutical-applications-25323 |website=Lab Manager |language=en}}</ref> are the major users of HPLC, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Beccaria |first1=Marco |last2=Cabooter |first2=Deirdre |date=2020 |title=Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis |url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2020/an/c9an02145k |journal=Analyst |language=en |volume=145 |issue=4 |pages=1129–1157 |doi=10.1039/C9AN02145K |pmid=31971527 |bibcode=2020Ana...145.1129B |hdl=11392/2479221 |s2cid=210866236 |issn=1364-5528|hdl-access=free }}</ref> This includes drug development<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gu |first1=Chunang (Christine) |last2=Russell |first2=David |last3=Yehl |first3=Peter |date=2016 |title=Application of LCMS in small-molecule drug development |url=https://www.europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com/article/43628/application-lcms-small-molecule-drug-development/ |journal=European Pharmaceutical Review |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=54–57}}</ref> and pharmacology, which is the scientific study of the effects of drugs and chemicals on living organisms,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=D'Ovidio |first1=Cristian |last2=Locatelli |first2=Marcello |last3=Perrucci |first3=Miryam |last4=Ciriolo |first4=Luigi |last5=Furton |first5=Kenneth G. |last6=Gazioglu |first6=Isil |last7=Kabir |first7=Abuzar |last8=Merone |first8=Giuseppe Maria |last9=de Grazia |first9=Ugo |last10=Ali |first10=Imran |last11=Catena |first11=Antonio Maria |last12=Treglia |first12=Michele |last13=Marsella |first13=Luigi T. |last14=Savini |first14=Fabio |date=2023 |title=LC-MS/MS Application in Pharmacotoxicological Field: Current State and New Applications |journal=Molecules |language=en |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=2127 |doi=10.3390/molecules28052127 |issn=1420-3049 |pmc=10004468 |pmid=36903374 |doi-access=free }}</ref> personalized medicine,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhou |first1=Juntuo |last2=Zhong |first2=Lijun |date=2022 |title=Applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolomics in predictive and personalized medicine |journal=Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences |volume=9 |doi=10.3389/fmolb.2022.1049016 |issn=2296-889X |pmc=9669074 |pmid=36406271 |doi-access=free }}</ref> public health<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mathias |first1=Patricia I. |last2=Connor |first2=Thomas H. |last3=B'Hymer |first3=Clayton |date=2017 |title=A review of high performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric urinary methods for anticancer drug exposure of health care workers |journal=Journal of Chromatography B |volume=1060 |pages=316–324 |doi=10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.06.028 |issn=1570-0232 |pmc=5585056 |pmid=28654869}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hernández |first1=Félix |last2=Sancho |first2=Juan V. |last3=Ibáñez |first3=María |last4=Guerrero |first4=Carlos |date=2007 |title=Antibiotic residue determination in environmental waters by LC-MS |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993607000295 |journal=TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry |series=Pharmaceutical-residue analysis |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=466–485 |doi=10.1016/j.trac.2007.01.012 |issn=0165-9936}}</ref> and diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seger |first1=Christoph |last2=Salzmann |first2=Linda |date=2020 |title=After another decade: LC–MS/MS became routine in clinical diagnostics |journal=Clinical Biochemistry |series=Advancement and Applications of Mass Spectrometry in Laboratory Medicine |volume=82 |pages=2–11 |doi=10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.03.004 |pmid=32188572 |s2cid=213186669 |issn=0009-9120|doi-access=free }}</ref> While urine is the most common medium for analyzing drug concentrations, blood serum is the sample collected for most medical analyses with HPLC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = A high-sensitivity ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-TOFMS) method for screening synthetic cannabinoids and other drugs of abuse in urine|journal = Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|date = 2013-10-01|pmid = 23954996|pages = 8463–8474|volume = 405|issue = 26|doi = 10.1007/s00216-013-7272-8|first1 = Mira|last1 = Sundström|first2 = Anna|last2 = Pelander|first3 = Verena|last3 = Angerer|first4 = Melanie|last4 = Hutter|first5 = Stefan|last5 = Kneisel|first6 = Ilkka|last6 = Ojanperä|s2cid = 25743579}}</ref> One of the most important roles of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS in the clinical lab is the Newborn Screening (NBS) for metabolic disorders<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gelb |first1=Michael H. |last2=Basheeruddin |first2=Khaja |last3=Burlina |first3=Alberto |last4=Chen |first4=Hsiao-Jan |last5=Chien |first5=Yin-Hsiu |last6=Dizikes |first6=George |last7=Dorley |first7=Christine |last8=Giugliani |first8=Roberto |last9=Hietala |first9=Amy |last10=Hong |first10=Xinying |last11=Kao |first11=Shu-Min |last12=Khaledi |first12=Hamid |last13=Klug |first13=Tracy |last14=Kubaski |first14=Francyne |last15=Liao |first15=Hsuan-Chieh |date=2022 |title=Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Newborn Screening Laboratories |journal=International Journal of Neonatal Screening |language=en |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/ijns8040062 |issn=2409-515X |pmc=9781967 |pmid=36547379 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and follow-up diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Yanyun |last2=Sun |first2=Yun |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |date=2019 |title=Clinical Application of LC–MS/MS in the Follow-Up for Treatment of Children with Methylmalonic Aciduria |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-019-00955-0 |journal=Advances in Therapy |language=en |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=1304–1313 |doi=10.1007/s12325-019-00955-0 |pmid=31049874 |s2cid=143432183 |issn=1865-8652}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arunkumar |first1=Nivethitha |last2=Langan |first2=Thomas J. |last3=Stapleton |first3=Molly |last4=Kubaski |first4=Francyne |last5=Mason |first5=Robert W. |last6=Singh |first6=Rajendra |last7=Kobayashi |first7=Hironori |last8=Yamaguchi |first8=Seiji |last9=Suzuki |first9=Yasuyuki |last10=Orii |first10=Kenji |last11=Orii |first11=Tadao |last12=Fukao |first12=Toshiyuki |last13=Tomatsu |first13=Shunji |date=2020 |title=Newborn screening of mucopolysaccharidoses: past, present, and future |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-020-0744-8 |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |language=en |volume=65 |issue=7 |pages=557–567 |doi=10.1038/s10038-020-0744-8 |pmid=32277174 |s2cid=92042115 |issn=1435-232X}}</ref> The infants' samples come in the shape of dried blood spot (DBS),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skogvold |first1=Hanne Bendiksen |last2=Rootwelt |first2=Helge |last3=Reubsaet |first3=Léon |last4=Elgstøen |first4=Katja Benedikte Prestø |last5=Wilson |first5=Steven Ray |date=2023 |title=Dried blood spot analysis with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry: Trends in clinical chemistry |url=https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jssc.202300210 |journal=Journal of Separation Science |language=en |volume=46 |issue=15 |pages=e2300210 |doi=10.1002/jssc.202300210 |pmid=37269205 |s2cid=259047202 |issn=1615-9306|hdl=10852/105845 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> which is simple to prepare and transport, enabling safe and accessible diagnostics, both locally and globally.

Other methods of detection of molecules that are useful for clinical studies have been tested against HPLC, namely immunoassays. In one example of this, competitive protein binding assays (CPBA) and HPLC were compared for sensitivity in detection of vitamin D. Useful for diagnosing vitamin D deficiencies in children, it was found that sensitivity and specificity of this CPBA reached only 40% and 60%, respectively, of the capacity of HPLC.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Competitive Protein-binding assay-based Enzyme-immunoassay Method, Compared to High-pressure Liquid Chromatography, Has a Very Lower Diagnostic Value to Detect Vitamin D Deficiency in 9–12 Years Children|journal = International Journal of Preventive Medicine|date = 2015-01-01|pmc = 4542329|pmid = 26330983|page = 67|volume = 6|doi = 10.4103/2008-7802.161069|first1 = Maliheh|last1 = Zahedi Rad|first2 = Tirang Reza|last2 = Neyestani|first3 = Bahareh|last3 = Nikooyeh|first4 = Nastaran|last4 = Shariatzadeh|first5 = Ali|last5 = Kalayi|first6 = Niloufar|last6 = Khalaji|first7 = Azam|last7 = Gharavi | doi-access=free }}</ref> While an expensive tool, the accuracy of HPLC is nearly unparalleled.