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==Later roles== [[File:Ronald Reagan and Henry Kissinger.jpg|thumb|Kissinger meeting with President [[Ronald Reagan]] in the White House family quarters, 1981]] After Nixon was forced to resign in August 1974 due to the [[Watergate scandal]], Kissinger initially kept both of his positions as Secretary of State and National Security Advisor under the new presidential administration of [[Gerald Ford]]. However, his influence was somewhat diminished when he was replaced by [[Brent Scowcroft]] as National Security Advisor during the "[[Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)|Halloween Massacre]]" cabinet reshuffle of November 1975.<ref>Wilentz, Sean (2008). ''The Age of Reagan: A History, 1974–2008'' (1 ed.). New York: Harper. {{ISBN|978-0-06-074480-9}}. {{OCLC|182779124}}.</ref> Ford later explained his decision to journalist Thomas M. DeFrank: "When Kissinger had both State and NSC, there was not an independent evaluation of proposals, and I never liked that arrangement that I inherited. And when the time came to make some [other] changes at the Pentagon and CIA, it was logical to tell Henry, 'I’m gonna just leave you as secretary of state and upgrade Brent Scowcroft.{{'"}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=DeFrank |first1=Thomas M.|title=Write It When I'm Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford |date=2007 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |isbn= 978-0399154508 |page=91}}</ref> Kissinger left office as Secretary of State when Democrat [[Jimmy Carter]] defeated Ford in the [[1976 United States presidential election|1976 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Henry Kissinger, Former Secretary of State, Dead at 100 |url=https://people.com/henry-kissinger-dead-7503097 |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=Peoplemag |language=en |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130060626/https://people.com/henry-kissinger-dead-7503097 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kissinger continued to participate in policy groups, such as the [[Trilateral Commission]], and to maintain political consulting, speaking, and writing engagements. In 1978, he was secretly involved in thwarting efforts by the Carter administration to indict three Chilean intelligence agents for masterminding the 1976 [[assassination of Orlando Letelier]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dorfman|first=Zach|title=How Henry Kissinger Conspired Against a Sitting President|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/henry-kissinger-jimmy-carter-chile-214603|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=[[Politico Magazine]]|date=January 6, 2017 |archive-date=September 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925014159/https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/01/henry-kissinger-jimmy-carter-chile-214603/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger was critical of the [[foreign policy of the Jimmy Carter administration]], saying in 1980 that "has managed the extraordinary feat of having, at one and the same time, the worst relations with our allies, the worst relations with our adversaries, and the most serious upheavals in the [[developing world]] since the end of the Second World War."<ref>{{Citation|last=Gil|first=Troy|title=1980 Cleveland: 'There You Go Again!' Defeating Defeatism – and Jimmy Carter|date=December 31, 2013|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400849307.24/html|work=Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980's|page=32|series=Politics and Society in Modern America|publisher=Princeton University Press|doi=10.1515/9781400849307.24|isbn=978-1-4008-4930-7|access-date=November 24, 2021|archive-date=November 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123222929/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400849307.24/html|url-status=live}}</ref> After Kissinger left office in 1977, he was offered an endowed chair at [[Columbia University]], which was met with student opposition.<ref>{{cite news|title=400 sign petition against offering Kissinger faculty post|work=Columbia Spectator|date=March 3, 1977}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anthony Lewis of the Times also blasts former Secretary|work=Columbia Spectator|date=March 3, 1977}}</ref> Kissinger instead accepted a position at [[Georgetown University]]'s [[Center for Strategic and International Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csis.org/about/history/#1960|title=CSIS|year=2007|publisher=CSIS|access-date=January 20, 2007|archive-date=January 22, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122001616/http://www.csis.org/about/history/#1960|url-status=live}}</ref> He taught at Georgetown's [[Edmund Walsh School of Foreign Service]] for several years in the late 1970s. In 1982, with the help of a loan from the international banking firm of [[Warburg Pincus|E.M. Warburg, Pincus and Company]],<ref name=Rothbard/> Kissinger founded a consulting firm, [[Kissinger Associates]], and was a partner in affiliate [[Kissinger McLarty Associates]] with [[Mack McLarty]], former [[White House Chief of Staff|chief of staff]] to President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of the Americas Member |publisher=Council of the Americas |url=http://www.americas-society.org/coa/membersnetwork/Kissinger.html |access-date=January 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223065840/http://www.americas-society.org/coa/membersnetwork/Kissinger.html |archive-date=February 23, 2007 }}</ref> He also served on the board of directors of [[Hollinger International]], a Chicago-based newspaper group,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svrh.vs8_ffv|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917194049/http://www.secinfo.com/$/SEC/Filing.asp?T=svrh.vs8_ffv|archive-date=September 17, 2012|title=Sun-Times Media Group Inc. 10-K/A|date=May 1, 2006|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=December 29, 2006}}</ref> and as of March 1999, was a director of [[Gulfstream Aerospace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secinfo.com/dRaBu.64v.htm#1bum|title=Gulfstream Aerospace Corp, Form 10-K|date=March 29, 1999|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=December 29, 2006|archive-date=February 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212144624/http://www.secinfo.com/dRaBu.64v.htm#1bum}}</ref> [[File:Msc 2009-Saturday, 08.30 - 11.00 Uhr-Moerk 015 Biden Kissinger.jpg|thumb|left|Kissinger and U.S. vice president [[Joe Biden]] at the [[Munich Security Conference]] in February 2009]] In September 1989, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''{{'}}s John Fialka disclosed that Kissinger took a direct economic interest in U.S.–China relations in March 1989 with the establishment of China Ventures, Inc., a Delaware limited partnership, of which he was chairman of the board and chief executive officer. A US$75 million investment in a joint venture with the Communist Party government's primary commercial vehicle at the time, [[CITIC Group|China International Trust & Investment Corporation]] (CITIC), was its purpose. Board members were major clients of Kissinger Associates. Kissinger was criticized for not disclosing his role in the venture when called upon by ABC's [[Peter Jennings]] to comment the morning after the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|June 4, 1989, Tiananmen Square massacre]]. Kissinger's position was generally supportive of [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s decision to use the military against the demonstrating students and he opposed [[economic sanctions]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Soley |first=Lawrence C. |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |title=The News Shapers: The Sources who Explain the News |year=1992 |page=?}}</ref> [[File:Chancellor Merkel greets Henry Kissinger (35058128010).jpg|thumb|Kissinger with German chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] on June 21, 2017]] From 1995 to 2001, Kissinger served on the board of directors for [[Freeport-McMoRan]], a [[multinational corporation|multinational]] copper and gold producer with significant mining and milling operations in [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]], Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secinfo.com/dsVQx.b1sw.htm#1nhw|title=Freeport McMoran Inc. 10-K|date=March 31, 1994|publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission|access-date=December 29, 2006|archive-date=February 12, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212144631/http://www.secinfo.com/dsVQx.b1sw.htm#1nhw}}</ref> In February 2000, president of Indonesia [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] appointed Kissinger as a political advisor. He also served as an honorary advisor to the [[U.S.-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce|United States-Azerbaijan Chamber of Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sassounian |first1=Harut |title=When Azerbaijan opens wide its purse, money-grabbers rush to take their share |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2023/01/10/when-azerbaijan-opens-wide-its-purse-money-grabbers-rush-to-take-their-share/ |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=The Armenian Weekly |date=January 10, 2023 |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328032011/https://armenianweekly.com/2023/01/10/when-azerbaijan-opens-wide-its-purse-money-grabbers-rush-to-take-their-share/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1998, in response to the [[2002 Winter Olympic bid scandal]], the [[International Olympic Committee]] formed a commission, called the "2000 Commission", to recommend reforms, which Kissinger served on. This service led in 2000 to his appointment as one of five IOC "honor members", a category the organization described as granted to "eminent personalities from outside the IOC who have rendered particularly outstanding services to it".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wenn|first1=Stephen|first2=Robert|last2=Barney|author-link2=Bob Barney|first3=Scott|last3=Martyn|title=Tarnished Rings: The International Olympic Committee and the Salt Lake City Bid Scandal|location=Syracuse|publisher=Syracuse University Press|date=2011|pages=94, 111, 118, 123–124, 159}}</ref> Kissinger served as the 22nd [[Chancellor of the College of William and Mary]] from 2000 to 2005. He was preceded by former British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and succeeded by [[Justice Sandra Day O'Connor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-Colonial Era Chancellors |url=https://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/postcolonial/index.php |access-date=September 20, 2022 |website=William & Mary |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920231326/https://www.wm.edu/about/administration/chancellor/postcolonial/index.php |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[College of William & Mary]] also owns a painted portrait of Kissinger that was painted by [[Ned Bittinger]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portrait of Dr. Henry Kissinger |url=https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_2005.006 |access-date=October 31, 2022 |website=npg.si.edu |archive-date=October 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031223224/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_2005.006 |url-status=live }}</ref> From 2000 to 2006, Kissinger served as chairman of the board of trustees of [[Eisenhower Fellowships]]. In 2006, upon his departure from Eisenhower Fellowships, he received the Dwight D. Eisenhower Medal for Leadership and Service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Council of the Americas Member |publisher=Council of the Americas |url=http://www.efworld.org/about/eisenhower_medal.php |access-date=May 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516070143/http://www.efworld.org/about/eisenhower_medal.php |archive-date=May 16, 2011}}</ref> In November 2002, he was appointed by President [[George W. Bush]] to chair the newly established [[National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States]] to investigate the [[September 11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html |title=Investigating Sept. 11 |publisher=PBS |date=October 24, 2012 |access-date=February 15, 2014 |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220061250/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html }}</ref> Kissinger stepped down as chairman on December 13, 2002, rather than reveal his business client list, when queried about potential conflicts of interest.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/|title=Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission|work=CNN Inside Politics|date=December 13, 2002|access-date=August 7, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427145915/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/|archive-date=April 27, 2006}}</ref> In January 2007 Kissinger delivered a eulogy for Gerald Ford, one of the U.S. presidents he served, at [[Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford|Ford's state funeral]] in the [[Washington National Cathedral]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 2, 2007|title=Henry A. Kissinger's Eulogy for President Ford|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/02/washington/02cnd-ford-kissinger.html|access-date=January 19, 2024|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger delivers his remarks honoring former President Gerald R. Ford during the State Funeral service at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., Tuesday, Jan. 2, 2007. White House photo by Eric Draper|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/01/images/20070102_d-0237-1-515h.html|access-date=January 18, 2024|website=georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov}}</ref> In April 2008 Kissinger gave a eulogy for the conservative author and founder of the [[National Review]], [[William F. Buckley]] at the latter's memorial service at [[St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)|St. Patrick's Cathedral]] in New York City.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roug|first=Louise|date=April 5, 2008|title=An erudite farewell for Buckley|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-apr-05-na-buckley5-story.html|access-date=January 13, 2024|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> In the [[Rio Tinto espionage case]] of 2009–2010, Kissinger was paid US$5 million to advise the multinational mining company how to distance itself from an employee who had been arrested in China for bribery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/henry-kissinger-paid-5m-to-steer-rio-tinto-through-stern-hu-debacle-and-consolidate-china-links-20150326-1m8kjn.html |title=Henry Kissinger paid $5m to steer Rio Tinto through Stern Hu debacle and consolidate China links |last=Garnaut |first=John |date=March 27, 2015 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075500/https://www.smh.com.au/national/henry-kissinger-paid-5m-to-steer-rio-tinto-through-stern-hu-debacle-and-consolidate-china-links-20150326-1m8kjn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:President Trump Meets with Henry Kissinger (33787724293).jpg|thumb|right|President [[Donald Trump]] meeting with Kissinger on May 10, 2017]] Kissinger—along with [[William J. Perry|William Perry]], [[Sam Nunn]], and [[George Shultz]]—called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in three op-eds in ''The Wall Street Journal'' proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four created the [[Nuclear Threat Initiative]] to advance this agenda. In 2010, the four were featured in a documentary film entitled ''[[Nuclear Tipping Point]]''. The film is a visual and historical depiction of the ideas laid forth in ''The Wall Street Journal'' op-eds and reinforces their commitment to a world without nuclear weapons and the steps that can be taken to reach that goal.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123012569 | title=Documentary Advances Nuclear Free Movement | publisher=[[NPR]] | access-date=November 30, 2023 | archive-date=April 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405161533/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123012569&sc=emaf | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goddard |first1=Ben |title=Cold Warriors say no nukes |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/columnists/ben-goddard/59952-cold-warriors-say-no-nukes/ |access-date=November 30, 2023 |work=The Hill |date=January 28, 2010 |archive-date=August 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815073850/https://thehill.com/opinion/columnists/ben-goddard/59952-cold-warriors-say-no-nukes/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On November 17, 2016, Kissinger met with [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] during which they discussed global affairs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-holds-meetings-sc-gov-nikki-haley/story?id=43608308|title=Trump Holds Meetings With Haley, Kissinger and Sessions|date=November 17, 2016|website=ABC News|access-date=November 17, 2016|archive-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118153831/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/donald-trump-holds-meetings-sc-gov-nikki-haley/story?id=43608308|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger also met with President Trump at the White House in May 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Russian government releases photos of Oval Office meeting|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/politics/article/Russian-government-releases-photos-of-Oval-Office-11136149.php|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=May 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511005610/http://www.sfgate.com/news/politics/article/Russian-government-releases-photos-of-Oval-Office-11136149.php|archive-date=May 11, 2017}}</ref> In an interview with [[Charlie Rose]] on August 17, 2017, Kissinger said about President Trump: "I'm hoping for an Augustinian moment, for [[St. Augustine]] ... who in his early life followed a pattern that was quite incompatible with later on when he had a vision, and rose to [[saint]]hood. One does not expect the president to become that, but it's conceivable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://charlierose.com/videos/30895 |title=Henry Kissinger, former secretary of state, shares his thoughts on resolving the North Korea crisis, the U.S. relationship with China, and Donald Trump|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052031/https://charlierose.com/videos/30895 |archive-date=May 28, 2018 |date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> Kissinger also argued that Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]] wanted to weaken [[Hillary Clinton]], not elect Donald Trump. Kissinger said that Putin "thought—wrongly incidentally—that she would be extremely confrontational ... I think he tried to weaken the incoming president [Clinton]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzECvGoKLO4|title=Henry Kissinger on Russian election interference (Aug 17, 2017) | Charlie Rose Web Extra|date=August 17, 2017 |via= YouTube |access-date=May 27, 2018|archive-date=December 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208080947/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fzECvGoKLO4&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Views on U.S. foreign policy=== ====Yugoslav Wars==== [[File:White House meeting about New START Treaty.jpg|thumb|Kissinger, alongside President [[Barack Obama]] and other politicians, discussing the [[New START]] Treaty between the U.S. and Russia, 2010]] In several articles of his and interviews that he gave during the [[Yugoslav Wars]], he criticized the United States' policies in Southeast Europe, among other things for the recognition of [[Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] as a sovereign state, which he described as a foolish act.<ref name="Rose7185">{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/7185|title=Charlie Rose – A panel on the crisis in Bosnia|publisher=charlierose.com|date=November 28, 1994|access-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628234617/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/7185|archive-date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> Most importantly he dismissed the notion of [[Serbs]] and [[Croats]] being aggressors or separatist, saying that "they can't be separating from something that has never existed".<ref name="Rose6651">{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6651|title=Charlie Rose – An interview with Henry Kissinger|publisher=charlierose.com|date=September 14, 1995|access-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627141231/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/6651|archive-date=June 27, 2009}}</ref> In addition, he repeatedly warned the West against inserting itself into a conflict that has its roots at least hundreds of years back in time, and said that the West would do better if it allowed the Serbs and Croats to join their respective countries.<ref name="Rose6651"/> Kissinger shared similarly critical views on [[Kosovo War|Western involvement in Kosovo]]. In particular, he held a disparaging view of the [[Rambouillet Agreement]]:<ref>Henry Kissinger, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', June 28, 1999</ref> {{Blockquote|The Rambouillet text, which called on Serbia to admit NATO troops throughout Yugoslavia, was a provocation, an excuse to start bombing. Rambouillet is not a document that any Serb could have accepted. It was a terrible diplomatic document that should never have been presented in that form.}} However, as the [[Serbs]] did not accept the Rambouillet text and [[1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia|NATO bombings started]], he opted to support a continuation of the bombing as NATO's credibility was now at stake, but dismissed the use of ground forces in claiming that it was not worth it.<ref name="Rose4347">{{cite web|url=http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/4347|title=Charlie Rose – An hour with former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger|publisher=charlierose.com|date=April 12, 1999|access-date=October 16, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628234637/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/4347|archive-date=June 28, 2009}}</ref> ====Iraq==== [[File:Kissinger speaking during Ford's funeral.jpg|thumb|Kissinger speaking during [[Gerald Ford]]'s funeral in January 2007]] In 2006, it was reported in the book ''[[State of Denial]]'' by [[Bob Woodward]] that Kissinger met regularly with President [[George W. Bush]] and Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] to offer advice on the [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bob Woodward: Bush Misleads On Iraq |publisher=CBS News |date=October 1, 2006 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-woodward-bush-misleads-on-iraq-28-09-2006/ |access-date=December 29, 2006 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171019003133/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bob-woodward-bush-misleads-on-iraq-28-09-2006/ |archive-date=October 19, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger confirmed in recorded interviews with Woodward<ref>{{cite news|last=Woodward|first=Bob|title=Secret Reports Dispute White House Optimism|page=A01|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 1, 2006|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/30/AR2006093000293_pf.html|access-date=December 29, 2006|archive-date=January 2, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070102153613/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/30/AR2006093000293_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> that the advice was the same as he had given in a column in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' on August 12, 2005: "Victory over the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|insurgency]] is the only meaningful exit strategy."<ref>{{cite news|last=Kissinger|first=Henry A.|title=Lessons for an Exit Strategy|newspaper=The Washington Post|page=A19|date=August 12, 2005|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/11/AR2005081101756_pf.html|access-date=December 29, 2006|archive-date=January 13, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113235343/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/11/AR2005081101756_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger also frequently met with U.S. Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]], whom he warned that [[Coalition Provisional Authority]] Director [[L. Paul Bremer]] was "a control freak".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Rajiv|url=http://archive.org/details/imperiallifeinem00chan|title=Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone|date=2007|publisher=Vintage Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-307-27883-8|location=New York|page=72}}</ref> In an interview on the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Andrew Marr Show|Sunday AM]]'' on November 19, 2006, Kissinger was asked whether there was any hope left for a clear military victory in Iraq and responded, "If you mean by 'military victory' an [[Iraqi government]] that can be established and whose writ runs across the whole country, that gets the [[Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)|civil war]] under control and [[Sectarian violence in Iraq|sectarian violence]] under control in a time period that the political processes of the democracies will support, I don't believe that is possible. ... I think we have to redefine the course. But I don't believe that the alternative is between military victory as it had been defined previously, or total withdrawal."<ref>{{cite news|last=Marr|first=Andrew|title=US Policy on Iraq|date=November 19, 2006|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/sunday_am/6163050.stm|access-date=December 29, 2006|work=[[Sunday AM]]|publisher=BBC|archive-date=March 8, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308084038/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/sunday_am/6163050.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with Peter Robinson of the [[Hoover Institution]] on April 3, 2008, Kissinger reiterated that even though he supported the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Kissinger |first=Henry A. |title=Iraq is Becoming Bush's Most Difficult Challenge |date=August 11, 2002 |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2002/08/11/iraq-is-becoming-bushs-most-difficult-challenge/ |access-date=February 13, 2016 |archive-date=February 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216013823/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002-08-11/news/0208110058_1_regime-change-pre-emptive-action-iraq |url-status=live }}</ref> he thought that the [[George W. Bush administration]] rested too much of its case for war on [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|Saddam's supposed weapons of mass destruction]]. Robinson noted that Kissinger had criticized the administration for invading with too few troops, for disbanding the [[Iraqi Army]] as part of [[de-Baathification]], and for mishandling relations with certain allies.<ref name=hoover>{{cite web |last=Robinson |first=Peter M. |title=Kissinger on War & More |date=April 3, 2008 |work=[[Hoover Institution]] |url=http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/17980579.html |access-date=August 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125115002/http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uncommon-knowledge/26765 |archive-date=January 25, 2012}}</ref> ====India==== Kissinger said in April 2008 that "India has parallel objectives to the United States", and he called the nation an [[Alliance|ally]] of the U.S.<ref name=hoover/> ====China==== [[File:WDK 6198 07.JPG|thumb|[[Angela Merkel]] and Kissinger attending the state funeral for former German chancellor [[Helmut Schmidt]], November 23, 2015]] Kissinger attended the opening ceremony of the [[2008 Beijing Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93522545|title=Pioneers of U.S.-China Relations Attend Olympics|author=Juan Williams|newspaper=NPR.org|date=August 12, 2008|publisher=NPR|access-date=May 28, 2012|quote=Among the political luminaries attending the Beijing Olympics are Henry Kissinger and former President George H.W. Bush.|archive-date=May 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529111239/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93522545|url-status=live}}</ref> A few months before the Games opened, as controversy over China's human rights record was intensifying due to criticism by [[Amnesty International]] and other groups of the widespread use of the death penalty and other issues, Kissinger told China's official press agency [[Xinhua]]: "I think one should separate Olympics as a sporting event from whatever political disagreements people may have had with China. I expect that the games will proceed in the spirit for which they were designed, which is friendship among nations, and that other issues are discussed in other forums." He said China had made huge efforts to stage the Games. "Friends of China should not use the Olympics to pressure China now." He added that he would bring two of his grandchildren to watch the Games and planned to attend the opening ceremony.<ref>"Kissinger against Politicizing Olympics", Xinhua News Agency, April 9, 2008.</ref> During the Games, he participated with Australian swimmer [[Ian Thorpe]], film star [[Jackie Chan]], and former British prime minister [[Tony Blair]] at a [[Peking University]] forum on the qualities that make a champion.<ref>"Highlights of the AAP Sports Wire (Sydney) at 15:08 Aug 5, 2008"</ref> He sat with his wife [[Nancy Kissinger]], President [[George W. Bush]], former president [[George H. W. Bush]], and Foreign Minister [[Yang Jiechi]] at the men's basketball game between China and the U.S.<ref>MartinZhou, Martin, "Millions of Eyes on Clash of Titans", ''South China Morning Post'', August 11, 2008, 3; Myers, Steven Lee, "Bush Mixes Sports, Diplomacy in China", ''Times-Colonist'' (Victoria, BC).</ref> {{external media| float = left| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?299596-1/after-words-henry-kissinger ''After Words'' interview with Kissinger on ''On China'', June 11, 2011], [[C-SPAN]]| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?321838-1/world-order Presentation by Kissinger on ''World Order'', September 29, 2014], [[C-SPAN]]}} In 2011, Kissinger published ''[[On China]]'', chronicling the evolution of [[Sino-American]] relations and laying out the challenges to a partnership of "genuine strategic trust" between the U.S. and China.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Friedberg|first=Aaron|title=The Unrealistic Realist|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/books/magazine/91893/henry-kissinger-on-china?page=0,0|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=July 22, 2011|date=July 13, 2011|archive-date=December 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219060228/http://www.tnr.com/article/books/magazine/91893/henry-kissinger-on-china?page=0,0|url-status=live}}</ref> In this book ''On China'' and his 2014 book ''[[World Order (book)|World Order]]'', as well as in his 2018 interview with ''[[Financial Times]]'', Kissinger consistently stated that he believed that China wants to restore its historic role as the [[Middle Kingdom (China)|Middle Kingdom]] and be "the principal adviser to all humanity".<ref>{{cite book|last=Kissinger|first=Henry|date=2011|title=On China|location=United States|publisher=Penguin Press|isbn=978-1-59420-271-1|author-link=Henry Kissinger|url=https://archive.org/details/onchina00kiss_0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger|first=Henry|date= 2014|title=World Order|location=United States|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-0-241-00427-2|author-link=Henry Kissinger}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Luce|first=Edward|date=July 20, 2018|title=Henry Kissinger: 'We are in a very, very grave period'|url=https://www.ft.com/content/926a66b0-8b49-11e8-bf9e-8771d5404543 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/926a66b0-8b49-11e8-bf9e-8771d5404543 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=Financial Times|access-date=October 4, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, during a period of worsening Sino-American relations caused by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[2019–20 Hong Kong protests|Hong Kong protests]], and the [[China–United States trade war|U.S.–China trade war]], Kissinger expressed concerns that the United States and China are entering a [[Second Cold War]] and will eventually become embroiled in a military conflict similar to [[World War I]]. He called for [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Xi Jinping]] and the incoming U.S. president-elect [[Joe Biden]] to take a less confrontational foreign policy.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 16, 2020|title=Kissinger Warns Biden of U.S.–China Catastrophe on Scale of WWI|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-16/kissinger-warns-biden-of-u-s-china-catastrophe-on-scale-of-wwi|access-date=March 22, 2021|archive-date=March 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313041928/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-11-16/kissinger-warns-biden-of-u-s-china-catastrophe-on-scale-of-wwi|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger previously said that a potential war between China and the United States would be "worse than the [[world war]]s that ruined [[Culture of Europe|European civilization]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=DeCambre|first=Mark|title=Kissinger says failure to mend U.S.–China trade relations would be 'worse than the world wars that ruined European civilization'|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/kissinger-says-failure-to-mend-us-china-trade-relations-would-be-worse-than-the-world-wars-that-ruined-european-civilization-2019-11-15|access-date=March 22, 2021|website=MarketWatch|archive-date=November 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117084840/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/kissinger-says-failure-to-mend-us-china-trade-relations-would-be-worse-than-the-world-wars-that-ruined-european-civilization-2019-11-15|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, Kissinger traveled to Beijing to meet with Chinese Defense Minister [[Li Shangfu]], who was sanctioned by the U.S. government in 2018 for engaging in the purchase of combat aircraft from a Russian arms exporter.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer |last2=Atwood |first2=Kylie |title=Henry Kissinger meets with sanctioned Chinese defense minister in Beijing |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/18/politics/henry-kissinger-li-shangfu-meeting/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=July 18, 2023 |date=July 18, 2023 |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718195342/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2023/07/18/politics/henry-kissinger-li-shangfu-meeting/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kissinger emphasized Sino-American relations in the meeting, stating that "the United States and China should eliminate misunderstandings, coexist peacefully, and avoid confrontation".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cao |first1=Ella |last2=Bernard |first2=Orr |title=China's defence minister, Kissinger hold talks on Sino-U.S. relations |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-defence-minister-kissinger-hold-talks-sino-us-relations-2023-07-18/ |work=Reuters |access-date=July 18, 2023 |date=July 18, 2023 |archive-date=July 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718130302/https://www.reuters.com/world/chinas-defence-minister-kissinger-hold-talks-sino-us-relations-2023-07-18/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that trip, Kissinger met with Xi with the intention of defrosting relations between the U.S. and China.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-66106076 |title=Xi Jinping meets Henry Kissinger as US seeks to defrost relations with China |author=Tessa Wong |publisher=BBC |date=July 20, 2023 |access-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-date=July 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720074417/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-66106076 |url-status=live }}</ref> ====Iran==== Kissinger's position on this issue of U.S.–Iran talks was reported by the ''[[Tehran Times]]'' to be that "Any direct talks between the U.S. and Iran on issues such as the nuclear dispute would be most likely to succeed if they first involved only diplomatic staff and progressed to the level of secretary of state before the heads of state meet."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kissinger backs direct U.S. negotiations with Iran|work=The Tehran Times|date=September 27, 2008|url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=165193|access-date=September 27, 2008|archive-date=March 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319233528/http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=165193|url-status=live}} (Transcript of a [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg report interview]].)</ref> In 2016, Kissinger said that the biggest challenge facing the Middle East is the "potential domination of the region by an Iran that is both imperial and [[jihadist]]". He further wrote in August 2017 that if the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] of Iran and its Shiite allies were allowed to fill the territorial vacuum left by a militarily defeated [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]], the region would be left with a land corridor extending from Iran to the Levant "which could mark the emergence of an Iranian radical empire".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/henry-kissinger-isis-iranian-radical-empire-middle-east-a7881541.html | title=Henry Kissinger warns destroying Isis could lead to 'Iranian radical empire' | newspaper=The Independent | date=August 7, 2017 | access-date=November 19, 2018 | author=Khan, Shehab | archive-date=November 20, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120020613/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/henry-kissinger-isis-iranian-radical-empire-middle-east-a7881541.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Commenting on the [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]], Kissinger said that he would not have agreed to it, but that Trump's plan to end the agreement after it was signed would "enable the Iranians to do more than us".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kissinger: To Prevent Regional Explosion, US Must Thwart Iranian Expansionism|work=[[The Algemeiner]]|date=November 11, 2016|url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/11/11/kissinger-to-prevent-regional-explosion-us-must-thwart-iranian-expansionism/|access-date=August 8, 2017|archive-date=August 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807223510/https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/11/11/kissinger-to-prevent-regional-explosion-us-must-thwart-iranian-expansionism/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====2014 Ukrainian crisis==== [[File:DIG13877 jjg-318.jpg|thumb|upright|Henry Kissinger on April 26, 2016]] On March 5, 2014, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' published an [[op-ed]] piece by Kissinger, 11 days before the [[2014 Crimean status referendum|Crimean referendum]] on whether [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] should officially rejoin Ukraine or join neighboring Russia.<ref name="washingtonpost">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/henry-kissinger-to-settle-the-ukraine-crisis-start-at-the-end/2014/03/05/46dad868-a496-11e3-8466-d34c451760b9_story.html|title=Henry Kissinger: To settle the Ukraine crisis, start at the end|author=Henry A. Kissinger|date=March 5, 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=August 29, 2017|archive-date=November 29, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129104605/http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/henry-kissinger-to-settle-the-ukraine-crisis-start-at-the-end/2014/03/05/46dad868-a496-11e3-8466-d34c451760b9_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In it, he attempted to balance the Ukrainian, Russian, and Western desires for a functional state. He made four main points: # Ukraine should have the right to choose freely its economic and political associations, including with Europe; # Ukraine should not join NATO, a repetition of the position he took seven years before; # Ukraine should be free to create any government compatible with the expressed will of its people. Wise Ukrainian leaders would then opt for a policy of reconciliation between the various parts of their country. He imagined an international position for Ukraine like that of Finland. # Ukraine should maintain sovereignty over Crimea. Kissinger also wrote: "The west speaks Ukrainian; the east speaks mostly Russian. Any attempt by one wing of Ukraine to dominate the other—as has been the pattern—would lead eventually to civil war or break up."<ref name="washingtonpost"/> Following the publication of his book titled [[World Order (book)|''World Order'']], Kissinger participated in an interview with [[Charlie Rose]] and updated his position on Ukraine, which he saw as a possible geographical mediator between Russia and the West.<ref>Charlie Rose, PBS, September 2014.</ref> In a question he posed to himself for illustration regarding re-conceiving policy regarding Ukraine, Kissinger stated: "If Ukraine is considered an outpost, then the situation is that its eastern border is the NATO strategic line, and NATO will be within {{convert|200|mi|km}} of [[Volgograd]]. That will never be accepted by Russia. On the other hand, if the Russian western line is at the [[border of Poland]], Europe will be permanently disquieted. The Strategic objective should have been to see whether one can build Ukraine as a bridge between East and West, and whether one can do it as a kind of a joint effort."<ref>Charlie Rose, reported in Bloomberg BusinessWeek, p. 20, October 2, 2014.</ref> In December 2016, Kissinger advised [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] [[Donald Trump]] to accept "Crimea as a part of Russia" in an attempt to secure a rapprochement between the United States and Russia, whose relations soured as a result of the Crimean crisis.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Buncombe|first1=Andrew|title=Henry Kissinger has 'advised Donald Trump to accept' Crimea as part of Russia|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/henry-kissinger-russia-trump-crimea-advises-latest-ukraine-a7497646.html|website=The Independent|access-date=December 28, 2016|location=New York|date=December 27, 2016|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505203021/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/henry-kissinger-russia-trump-crimea-advises-latest-ukraine-a7497646.html|url-status=live}}</ref> When asked if he explicitly considered Russia's sovereignty over Crimea legitimate, Kissinger answered in the affirmative, reversing the position he took in his ''Washington Post'' op-ed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kissinger advises Trump to accept Crimea as Russia – Bild|url=http://uatoday.tv/politics/kissinger-advises-trump-to-accept-crimea-as-russia-bild-854458.html|website=Ukraine Today|access-date=December 28, 2016|date=December 27, 2016|archive-date=December 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228103639/http://uatoday.tv/politics/kissinger-advises-trump-to-accept-crimea-as-russia-bild-854458.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ====Computers and nuclear weapons==== In 2019, Kissinger wrote about the increasing tendency to give control of [[nuclear weapon]]s to computers operating with [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) that: "Adversaries' ignorance of AI-developed configurations will become a strategic advantage".<ref name=AI>{{cite news|title=Artificial intelligence and war|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=September 5, 2019|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/09/05/artificial-intelligence-and-war|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=January 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102210820/https://www.economist.com/leaders/2019/09/05/artificial-intelligence-and-war|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger argued that giving power to launch nuclear weapons to computers using [[algorithm]]s to make decisions would eliminate the human factor and give the advantage to the state that had the most effective AI system as a computer can make decisions about war and peace far faster than any human ever could.<ref name=AI/> Just as an AI-enhanced computer can win chess games by anticipating human decision-making, an AI-enhanced computer could be useful in a crisis as in a [[nuclear war]], the side that strikes first would have the advantage by destroying the opponent's nuclear capacity. Kissinger also noted there was always the danger that a computer could make a decision to start a nuclear war before diplomacy had been exhausted, or for a reason that would not be understandable to the operators.<ref name=Metamorphosis>{{cite news|title=The Metamorphosis|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=August 2019|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/08/henry-kissinger-the-metamorphosis-ai/592771/|access-date=January 3, 2020|archive-date=January 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101064120/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/08/henry-kissinger-the-metamorphosis-ai/592771/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kissinger also warned the use of AI to control nuclear weapons would impose "opacity" on the decision-making process as the algorithms that control the AI system are not readily understandable, destabilizing the decision-making process: {{Blockquote|grand strategy requires an understanding of the capabilities and military deployments of potential adversaries. But if more and more intelligence becomes opaque, how will policy makers understand the views and abilities of their adversaries and perhaps even allies? Will many different internets emerge or, in the end, only one? What will be the implications for cooperation? For confrontation? As AI becomes ubiquitous, new concepts for its security need to emerge.<ref name=Metamorphosis/>}} ==== COVID-19 pandemic ==== On April 3, 2020, Kissinger shared his diagnostic view of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], saying that it threatens the "liberal world order". Kissinger added that the virus does not know borders although global leaders are trying to address the crisis on a mainly national basis. He stressed that the key is not a purely national effort but greater international cooperation.<ref name=alter/> ====Russian invasion of Ukraine==== In May 2022, speaking to the [[World Economic Forum]] on the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Kissinger advocated for a diplomatic settlement that would restore the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'', effectively ceding [[Crimea]] and parts of [[Donbas]] to Russian control.<ref name="DanBilefskyHenryKissinger">{{cite news |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Kissinger suggests that Ukraine give up territory to Russia, drawing a backlash. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/world/europe/henry-kissinger-ukraine-russia-davos.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528120343/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/25/world/europe/henry-kissinger-ukraine-russia-davos.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kissinger urged Ukrainians to "match the heroism they have shown with wisdom", arguing that "[p]ursuing the war beyond that point would not be about the freedom of Ukraine, but a new war against Russia itself."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bella |first=Timothy |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/24/henry-kissinger-ukraine-russia-territory-davos/ |title=Kissinger says Ukraine should cede territory to Russia to end war |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525140253/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/24/henry-kissinger-ukraine-russia-territory-davos/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He spoke to [[Edward Luce]] and a ''[[Financial Times]]'' audience in the same month.<ref name="ft05.22">{{cite news |title=Henry Kissinger: 'We are now living in a totally new era' |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b89jcNqgJo |work=Financial Times |date=May 12, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219200925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b89jcNqgJo |url-status=live }}</ref> Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] rejected Kissinger's suggestions, saying Ukraine would not agree to peace until Russia agreed to return Crimea and the Donbas region to Ukraine.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zelenskyy rejects Kissinger plan to concede territory to Russia; Ukraine hero alive, in Russian custody|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/25/ukraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/9916925002/ |work=[[USA Today]] |date=May 25, 2022 |access-date=May 29, 2022 |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525073308/https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2022/05/25/ukraine-russia-invasion-live-updates/9916925002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On a book tour to sell ''Leadership: Six Studies in World Strategy'' in July 2022 he spoke to [[Judy Woodruff]] of [[PBS]] and he was still of the opinion that "a negotiation is desirable" and clarified his earlier statements, saying that he supported a ceasefire line on the borders of February 24 and that "Russia should not gain anything from the war... Ukraine above all cannot give up territory that it had when the war started because this would be symbolically dangerous."<ref name="pbs07.22">{{cite news |last1=Woodruff |first1=Judy |title=Henry Kissinger reflects on leadership, global crises and the state of U.S. politics |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1etw0X0zs |work=PBS NewsHour |date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219202151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be1etw0X0zs |url-status=live }}</ref> On January 18, 2023, Kissinger was interviewed by [[Graham Allison]] for a [[World Economic Forum]] audience; he said that U.S. support should be intensified until either the February 24 borders are reached or the February 24 borders are recognized, upon which time under a [[ceasefire]] agreement negotiations would begin. Kissinger felt that Russia needs to be given an opportunity to rejoin the [[comity of nations]] while the sanctions are maintained until final settlement is reached. He expressed his admiration for President Zelenskyy and lauded the heroic conduct of the Ukrainian people. Kissinger felt that the invasion has ''[[ipso facto]]'' its logical outcome pointed to NATO membership for Ukraine at the end of the peace process.<ref name="wef01.23">{{cite news |last=Allison |first=Graham |title=A Conversation with Henry Kissinger: Historical Perspectives on War |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbCFnn_g_MI |via=YouTube |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315053548/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbCFnn_g_MI |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2023, Kissinger met with Volodymyr Zelenskyy in New York City, on which occasion they discussed his change in position on Ukraine's NATO membership ambitions.<ref name="yahoo24.09">{{cite news |agency=Ukrainska Pravda |title=Zelenskyy meets with Kissinger in US: he was against Ukraine in NATO, but changed his mind |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/zelenskyy-meets-kissinger-us-against-193500683.html |access-date=September 24, 2023 |archive-date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002213020/https://www.yahoo.com/news/zelenskyy-meets-kissinger-us-against-193500683.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Gaza war ==== In a statement made a month before his death, Kissinger responded to the [[October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel]] and outbreak of the [[Gaza war]] by saying that the goals of Hamas "can only be to mobilize the Arab world against Israel and to get off the track of peaceful negotiations". In response to celebrations of the attack by some Arabs in Germany, he issued a statement denouncing [[Islam in Germany|Muslim immigration into Germany]]: "It was a grave mistake to let in so many people of totally different culture and religion and concepts, because it creates a pressure group inside each country that does that."<ref>{{cite news |date=October 11, 2023 |title=Henry Kissinger on Hamas attacks fallout: Germany let in too many foreigners |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/henry-kissinger-germany-let-in-way-too-many-foreigners/ |work=[[Politico]] |access-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119063500/https://www.politico.eu/article/henry-kissinger-germany-let-in-way-too-many-foreigners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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